{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:42:20Z","timestamp":1776746540459,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFD2400900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD2400900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2662025SCPY001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2662025SCPY001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Exploitation and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","award":["GXKEYLA-2023-01-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXKEYLA-2023-01-20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accumulated ammonia within the recirculating aquaculture systems threaten fish health, while little is known about the influences during early fish ontogeny. Using larval and juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) as a model, a comprehensive experiment exposing fish to varying total ammonia nitrogen concentrations (0, 10, 20 mg\/L for larvae; 0, 25, 125 mg\/L for juveniles) was conducted to evaluate the effects on gill transcriptome and microbiota along with the serotonergic regulation. First, the serotonin (5-HT) signal, which controls oxygen chemoreception and ventilation, was mainly detected in the surface of the body of the larvae, and then shifted to gill filaments of juveniles, showing a transition from cutaneous to branchial respiration. Both larval and juvenile yellow catfish exhibited reduced survival, damaged gill structure, and elevated 5-HT expression after ammonia exposure, as well as upregulated tph1b, slc6a4b, scgn and lama5 expression with the increased ammonia concentration, indicating the effects on respiratory function via serotonergic regulation. Further transcriptome analysis was conducted in juveniles to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and thus, to illustrate more detailed responses after ammonia exposure; KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs indicated the coping strategy shifted from metabolic buffering to metabolic elimination via glutamine synthesis with the increased ammonia level. The qRT-PCR experiment also identified the increased expression of genes involved in the urea cycle\u2014such as ass1, asl and glula\u2014with the increased ammonia level. Considering the potential contributary role of microbiome to gill health, 16S sequencing was conducted on the gill in the control and the 125 mg\/L ammonia-exposed group. Ammonia exposure at 125 mg\/L induced significant variation in Simpson index and a marked decline in \u03b2 diversity. Notably, the abundance of opportunistic pathogens such as Pseudomonadota increased, while the abundance of Deinococcota and Deinococcus\u2014which were renowned for exceptional stress resistance capacity\u2014decreased after ammonia exposure. Thus ammonia exposure disrupts the transcriptomic and microecological balance within gill mucosa, which may elevate the risk of pathogenic infection. Overall, our study provided the first evidence of serotonergic regulation on early fish respiration during ammonia exposure, and also offered new theoretical insights into the involvement of microorganisms in ammonia toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14040912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1776443436000},"page":"912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ammonia Exposure Elevated 5-HT Expression, Reprogrammed Transcriptome and Microbiota Community in Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) Gill During Early Ontogeny"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Jian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Facility Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Facility Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Facility Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Facility Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shihao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Facility Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaoqiang","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Facility Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Facility Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Facility Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5373-9621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingchao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Facility Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00050.2003","article-title":"The multifunctional fish gill: Dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste","volume":"85","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. 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