{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:56:18Z","timestamp":1785412578519,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&D Program of Shandong Province, China","award":["2022CXGC010506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CXGC010506"]}]},{"name":"Key R&D Program of Shandong Province, China","award":["2024CXGC010914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXGC010914"]}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Guidance Program of Shandong Province","award":["YDZX2024052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZX2024052"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22308180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22308180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22308180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22308180"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zibo","award":["2021XCYF0085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021XCYF0085"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, the main method for producing the vitamin C precursor 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-KLG) is a two-step fermentation process, in which secondary sterilization and fermentation processes result in higher costs and energy consumption. Consequently, the development of a one-step fermentation process is seen as a more desirable approach for 2-KLG production. In this study, we used Gluconobacter oxydans WTF0512 and Ketogulonicigenium vulgare WTF0114 as co-cultured strains for the production of 2-KLG from d-sorbitol via one-step fermentation. The fermentation behaviors of G. oxydans WTF0512 and K. vulgare WTF0114 were initially investigated. Subsequently, the fermentation process and medium were optimized, and the titer of 2-KLG reached 132.99 \u00b1 0.52 g\/L, with a molar conversion rate of 92.42%, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the highest production via one-step fermentation reported to date. These findings will provide a basis for developing a more economical large-scale one-step fermentation process for the production of 2-KLG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14050947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T13:44:33Z","timestamp":1776865473000},"page":"947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficient Production of 2-Keto-l-Gulonic Acid via One-Step Fermentation Using Gluconobacter oxydans WTF0512 and Ketogulonicigenium vulgare WTF0114"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hongling","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Microbial Intelligent Metabolic Regulation, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangxin","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Microbial Intelligent Metabolic Regulation, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxia","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Microbial Intelligent Metabolic Regulation, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Microbial Intelligent Metabolic Regulation, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangling","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Microbial Intelligent Metabolic Regulation, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6173-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haibo","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Microbial Intelligent Metabolic Regulation, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Microbial Intelligent Metabolic Regulation, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Microbial Intelligent Metabolic Regulation, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2691-0515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Microbial Intelligent Metabolic Regulation, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2024.04.048","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review and Recent Advances 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