{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T18:35:15Z","timestamp":1777055715813,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioaerosol emissions from biological treatment processes like composting, livestock operations, and wastewater plants pose notable occupational and environmental health risks. Biofiltration is a common mitigation measure for gaseous pollutants, but its effectiveness in controlling bioaerosols is less studied. This review synthesizes current evidence on biofiltration for the removal of bioaerosols. Findings indicate that biofiltration can significantly reduce emissions from waste-related biological processes, although results vary widely and depend heavily on design and operational factors. In composting, agricultural, and wastewater treatment contexts, fungal bioaerosols are consistently removed with high efficiency, often over 90%. Conversely, bacterial removal shows greater variability, from negligible to above 90%, influenced primarily by airflow rate, bed depth, and media stability. Systems with residence times of tens of seconds and bed depths of at least 1 m tend to reliably reduce bacterial counts, whereas undersized, high-flow systems experience marked efficiency losses. The choice of packing material is also crucial; mature, stable media maintain performance, whereas nutrient-rich or unstable substrates can lead to fungal emissions, turning the biofilter into a secondary source. Data on endotoxin removal are limited and remain insufficient for firm design recommendations. Overall, biofiltration\u2019s effectiveness depends on complex interactions among physical retention, biological stability, and design. These insights emphasize the need for future research to focus on standardized, performance-based design criteria supported by consistent reporting and full-scale validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14050963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T17:26:18Z","timestamp":1777051578000},"page":"963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biofiltration of Bioaerosols Emitted from Organic Waste Management Facilities: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1557-8684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s M.","family":"V\u00e9lez-Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Tarapac\u00e1, Av. 18 de Septiembre 2222, Arica 1000000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Bravo Barra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapac\u00e1, Arica 1000000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5641-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiniva","family":"Camargo Caicedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Ingenier\u00eda Ambiental y Sanitaria, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad del Magdalena, Calle 29H3 No. 22-01, Santa Marta 470004, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Modelaci\u00f3n de Sistemas Ambientales (GIMSA), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad del Magdalena,  Santa Marta 470004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1233-2769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 E432 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP12921","article-title":"Potential Policy and Community Implications of Equitable Organic Waste, Compost, and Urban Agricultural Systems in the United States","volume":"131","author":"Hall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. 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