{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:41:02Z","timestamp":1785436862358,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81670982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81670982"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["81670982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81670982"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), a key oral pathogen, promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) progression via gut translocation. Although gut probiotics provide colonization resistance against pathogens, antibiotic-induced dysbiosis may facilitate F. nucleatum integration and increase the risk of CRC. The mechanisms underlying probiotic\u2014F. nucleatum antagonism and antibiotic modulation remain unclear. A 33-strain probiotic consortium and F. nucleatum subsp. Polymorphum (F. polymorphum) ATCC 10953 were co-cultured. The inhibitory effects of probiotics on F. nucleatum and the impacts of antibiotics (ABXs) on the microbial community structure in the co-culture system and on the probiotic-mediated inhibition of F. nucleatum were evaluated using spent medium assays, plate confrontation tests, growth curves, qRT-PCR, metagenomic sequencing, and transcriptomics. Hydrogen peroxide\/pH\/lysine assays and coaggregation models were performed to probe the associated mechanisms. Probiotics strongly inhibited the growth of F. nucleatum in a dose-dependent manner, primarily via organic acids, while F. nucleatum enriched amino acid\/vitamin biosynthesis pathways without major growth suppression. Antibiotics weakened probiotic antagonism, shifted species abundance (\u2193 L. plantarum, \u2191 L. paracasei), induced adaptive stress responses in F. nucleatum (\u2191 nucleotide metabolism, propanediol degradation, pdxS), and reduced lysine biosynthesis. Lysine supplementation restored probiotic abundance and disrupted F. nucleatum coaggregation. Multi-strain probiotics exert potent colonization resistance effects against F. nucleatum, mainly through organic acids and metabolic interference. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis impairs this protective effect and may promote the persistence of F. nucleatum, which has been implicated in CRC risk. Targeted probiotic strategies may offer novel preventive approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14050965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T17:26:18Z","timestamp":1777051578000},"page":"965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probiotics Exert Colonization Resistance Against F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum: Disruption by Antibiotics and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wenling","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingheng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5238-8818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poukei","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1241-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0129-6","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum\u2014Symbiont, opportunist and oncobacterium","volume":"17","author":"Brennan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abed, J., Maalouf, N., Manson, A.L., Earl, A.M., Parhi, L., Emg\u00e5rd, J.E.M., Klutstein, M., Tayeb, S., Almogy, G., and Atlan, K.A. (2020). Colon Cancer-Associated Fusobacterium nucleatum May Originate from the Oral Cavity and Reach Colon Tumors via the Circulatory System. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00400"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47638","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201847638","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal cancer by inducing Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin modulator Annexin A1","volume":"20","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310101","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal carcinoma tissue and patient prognosis","volume":"65","author":"Mima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27250","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum and colorectal cancer: A mechanistic overview","volume":"234","author":"Heidarzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-1295","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum in the Colorectum and Its Association with Cancer Risk and Survival: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Coleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ou, S., Wang, H., Tao, Y., Luo, K., Ye, J., Ran, S., Guan, Z., Wang, Y., Hu, H., and Huang, R. (2022). Fusobacterium nucleatum and colorectal cancer: From phenomenon to mechanism. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1020583"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpathy, S.E., Qin, X., Gioia, J., Jiang, H., Liu, Y., Petrosino, J.F., Yerrapragada, S., Fox, G.E., Haake, S.K., and Weinstock, G.M. (2007). Genome sequence of Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies polymorphum\u2014A genetically tractable fusobacterium. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000659"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02901-08","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953 requires Actinomyces naeslundii ATCC 43146 for growth on saliva in a three-species community that includes Streptococcus oralis 34","volume":"75","author":"Periasamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.204","article-title":"Proteomics of Fusobacterium nucleatum within a model developing oral microbial community","volume":"3","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2014","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.05.001","article-title":"Risk of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"64","author":"Nadeem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00007-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00007-19","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Colonization Resistance against Bacterial Enteric Infection","volume":"83","author":"Ducarmon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-01886-z","article-title":"The dysbiosis signature of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer-cause or consequences? A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djab125","article-title":"Antibiotics Use and Subsequent Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Swedish Nationwide Population-Based Study","volume":"114","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318593","article-title":"Oral antibiotic use and risk of colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom, 1989\u20132012: A matched case\u2013control study","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pignatelli, P., Nuccio, F., Piattelli, A., and Curia, M.C. (2023). The Role of Fusobacterium nucleatum in Oral and Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11092358"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70780-7","article-title":"Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: An analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data","volume":"14","author":"Gandra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Allende, A., Alvarez-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, A., Bortolaia, V., Bover-Cid, S., De Cesare, A., Dohmen, W., Guillier, L., Jacxsens, L., and Nauta, M. (2026). Update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feeds as notified to EFSA. EFSA J., 24, e9823.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2026.9823"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linares, D.M., G\u00f3mez, C., Renes, E., Fresno, J.M., Tornadijo, M.E., Ross, R.P., and Stanton, C. (2017). Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria with Potential to Design Natural Biofunctional Health-Promoting Dairy Foods. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00846"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09854-7","article-title":"Gut microorganisms associated with health, nutrition and dietary interventions","volume":"650","author":"Asnicar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120619","article-title":"A novel cholesterol-reducing mechanism of polygonati rhizoma: Dual action via Bacteroides-mediated cholesterol sulfonation and feedback inhibition of ACAT2 by sulfated metabolite","volume":"355","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Festa, R.A., Cockerill, F.R., Pesano, R.L., Haley, E., Luke, N., Mathur, M., Chen, X., Havrilla, J., Percaccio, M., and Magallon, J. (2025). Pooled Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing for Polymicrobial UTI Performs Within CLSI Validation Standards. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020143"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haley, E., Cockerill, F.R., Pesano, R.L., Festa, R.A., Luke, N., Mathur, M., Chen, X., Havrilla, J., and Baunoch, D. (2024). Pooled Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Performs Within CLSI Standards for Validation When Measured Against Broth Microdilution and Disk Diffusion Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Cultured Isolates. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13121214"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01598-09","article-title":"Heterogeneous rpoS and rhlR mRNA levels and 16S rRNA\/rDNA (rRNA gene) ratios within Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, sampled by laser capture microdissection","volume":"192","author":"Williamson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.156","article-title":"Growth rates and rRNA content of four marine bacteria in pure cultures and in the Delaware estuary","volume":"10","author":"Lankiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2011.09.009","article-title":"Reverse transcription quantitative PCR revealed persistency of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria metabolic activity until the end of the ripening of Emmental cheese","volume":"29","author":"Falentin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01843-08","article-title":"Establishment of an Analytical System for the Human Fecal Microbiota, Based on Reverse Transcription-Quantitative PCR Targeting of Multicopy rRNA Molecules","volume":"75","author":"Matsuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01224-06","article-title":"Sensitive quantitative detection of commensal bacteria by rRNA-targeted reverse transcription-PCR","volume":"73","author":"Matsuda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv033","article-title":"MEGAHIT: An ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq275","article-title":"Ab initio gene identification in metagenomic sequences","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts565","article-title":"CD-HIT: Accelerated for clustering the next-generation sequencing data","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4197","article-title":"Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression","volume":"14","author":"Patro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406811102","article-title":"Uncovering transcriptional regulation of metabolism by using metabolic network topology","volume":"102","author":"Patil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.24.3.742-752.1979","article-title":"Specificity of coaggregation reactions between human oral streptococci and strains of Actinomyces viscosus or Actinomyces naeslundii","volume":"24","author":"Cisar","year":"1979","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, J., Huang, W., Chan, P., and Guo, L. (2025). Interaction Between Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum Regulated Macrophage Transcriptional Profiling and Reprogrammed Cellular Immune and Metabolic Response. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061351"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783323","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.783323","article-title":"Interactions Between Streptococcus gordonii and Fusobacterium nucleatum Altered Bacterial Transcriptional Profiling and Attenuated the Immune Responses of Macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13172-9","article-title":"Coaggregated E. faecalis with F. nucleatum regulated environmental stress responses and inflammatory effects","volume":"108","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-014-0400-y","article-title":"Characterization of aid1, a novel gene involved in Fusobacterium nucleatum interspecies interactions","volume":"68","author":"Kaplan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00444","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.444","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel Fusobacterium nucleatum adhesin involved in physical interaction and biofilm formation with Streptococcus gordonii","volume":"6","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10728","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01388B","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HNU082 inhibited the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum and alleviated the inflammatory response introduced by F. nucleatum invasion","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, K.S., Amarasena, S., and Mayengbam, S. (2022). B Vitamins and Their Roles in Gut Health. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061168"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.12.038","article-title":"B-Group Vitamins as Potential Prebiotic Candidates: Their Effects on the Human Gut Microbiome","volume":"154","author":"Bedani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02364-5","article-title":"Crosstalk between gut microbiotas and fatty acid metabolism in colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chew, J., Zilm, P.S., Fuss, J.M., and Gully, N.J. (2012). A proteomic investigation of Fusobacterium nucleatum alkaline-induced biofilms. BMC Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-189"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11120","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5c00528","article-title":"Heme in Bacterial Pathogenesis and as an Antimicrobial Target","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Guo, S., Chen, F., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Liu, W., and Zhang, G. (2023). Fn-Dps, a novel virulence factor of Fusobacterium nucleatum, disrupts erythrocytes and promotes metastasis in colorectal cancer. PLoS Pathog., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011096"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644443","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1644443","article-title":"Can Fusobacterium utilize nucleomodulins in the pathophysiology of CRC?","volume":"15","author":"Anand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, J., Gong, J., Liu, F., Li, B., Li, Z., You, J., He, J., and Wu, S. (2022). Evaluation of an Antibiotic Cocktail for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Mouse. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.918098"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2100","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1401876111","article-title":"Antibiotics induce redox-related physiological alterations as part of their lethality","volume":"111","author":"Dwyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06201-w","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum infection modulates the transcriptome and epigenome of HCT116 colorectal cancer cells in an oxygen-dependent manner","volume":"7","author":"Udayasuryan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0017022","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00170-22","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum Metabolically Integrates Commensals and Pathogens in Oral Biofilms","volume":"7","author":"Sakanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.11.075","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of Fusobacterium nucleatum reveals differential gene expression patterns in the biofilm versus planktonic cells","volume":"593","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2093507177","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2201460119","article-title":"Expanding the genetic toolkit helps dissect a global stress response in the early-branching species Fusobacterium nucleatum","volume":"119","author":"Ponath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Luo, J., Narbad, A., and Chen, Q. (2023). Advances in Lactobacillus Restoration for \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis: A System Review in Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Homeostasis. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010179"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13687","article-title":"A mixture of Lactobacillus species isolated from traditional fermented foods promote recovery from antibiotic-induced intestinal disruption in mice","volume":"124","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocchetti, M.T., Russo, P., Capozzi, V., Drider, D., Spano, G., and Fiocco, D. (2021). Bioprospecting Antimicrobials from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: Key Factors Underlying Its Probiotic Action. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222112076"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thananimit, S., Pahumunto, N., and Teanpaisan, R. (2022). Characterization of Short Chain Fatty Acids Produced by Selected Potential Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121829"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanetta, P., Squarzanti, D.F., di Coste, A., Amoruso, A., Pane, M., and Azzimonti, B. (2023). Growth Conditions Influence Lactobacillus Cell-Free Supernatant Impact on Viability, Biofilm Formation, and Co-Aggregation of the Oral Periodontopathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030859"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10607-1","article-title":"The Effect of Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains on Porphyromonas gingivalis, the Etiological Factor of Periodontal Diseases\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Kamianowski","year":"2026","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gusmaulemova, A., Kurentay, B., Bayanbek, D., and Kulmambetova, G. (2025). Comparative insights into Fusobacterium nucleatum and Helicobacter pylori in human cancers. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1677795"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-025-00676-w","article-title":"Targeting Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer: Therapeutic strategies and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Kowsarkhizi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowiak-Kope\u0107, P., and \u015ali\u017cewska, K. (2020). The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041107"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Yu, Y., Fu, C., and Chen, F. (2019). Bacterial Acid Resistance Toward Organic Weak Acid Revealed by RNA-Seq Transcriptomic Analysis in Acetobacter pasteurianus. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01616"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1740611","article-title":"L-lysine potentiates aminoglycosides against Acinetobacter baumannii via regulation of proton motive force and antibiotics uptake","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5094","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40872-z","article-title":"Antibiotics promote intestinal growth of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae by enriching nutrients and depleting microbial metabolites","volume":"14","author":"Yip","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0119823","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01198-23","article-title":"Enhancement of \u03b2-Lactam-Mediated Killing of Gram-Negative Bacteria by Lysine Hydrochloride","volume":"11","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hole\u010dek, M. (2025). Lysine: Sources, Metabolism, Physiological Importance, and Use as a Supplement. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188791"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M800187-MCP200","article-title":"Lysine acetylation is a highly abundant and evolutionarily conserved modification in Escherichia coli","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201500258","article-title":"Protein lysine acetylation in bacteria: Current state of the art","volume":"16","author":"Ouidir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0064922","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00649-22","article-title":"Potential Role of Lysine Acetylation in Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli","volume":"7","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothwell, J.A., Be\u0161evi\u0107, J., Dimou, N., Breeur, M., Murphy, N., Jenab, M., Wedekind, R., Viallon, V., Ferrari, P., and Achaintre, D. (2023). Circulating amino acid levels and colorectal cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition and UK Biobank cohorts. BMC Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02739-4"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02002-9","article-title":"Gut bacterium Intestinimonas butyriciproducens improves host metabolic health: Evidence from cohort and animal intervention studies","volume":"13","author":"Rampanelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-024-10405-1","article-title":"Probiotic Mixture Attenuates Colorectal Tumorigenesis in Murine AOM\/DSS Model by Suppressing STAT3, Inducing Apoptotic p53 and Modulating Gut Microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Leung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10062","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10062","article-title":"Production of butyrate from lysine and the Amadori product fructoselysine by a human gut commensal","volume":"6","author":"Bui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2006482118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006482118","article-title":"Genetic and molecular determinants of polymicrobial interactions in Fusobacterium nucleatum","volume":"118","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, Y., Wang, X., Bai, T., Zheng, X., Yang, L., Li, Q., and Wang, X. (2022). Lysine Inhibits Hemolytic Activity of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Application in Food Model Contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14120867"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2014.11.013","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum: A commensal-turned pathogen","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, J.Q., Zeng, Y., Lau, E.Y.T., Sun, Y., Huang, Y., Zhou, T., Xu, Z., Yu, J., Ng, S.C., and Chan, F.K.L. (2023). A Probiotic Formula for Modulation of Colorectal Cancer Risk via Reducing CRC-Associated Bacteria. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12091244"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence, G.W., Begley, M., Cotter, P.D., and Guinane, C.M. (2020). Potential Use of Biotherapeutic Bacteria to Target Colorectal Cancer-Associated Taxa. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030924"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.24048","article-title":"Association between Fusobacterium nucleatum and colorectal cancer: Progress and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/5\/965\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T16:20:19Z","timestamp":1779898819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/5\/965"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14050965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14050965","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]}}}