{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:10:35Z","timestamp":1778735435487,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Federation","award":["124021600055-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["124021600055-6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A clinical strain of the opportunistic pathogen Serratia rubidaea, a known contaminant of healthcare environments and an emerging cause of invasive infections, is described. The studied isolate, recovered from a nurse\u2019s hand skin swab during routine screening, exhibits a broad profile of antibiotic resistance combined with reduced susceptibility to several disinfectants. Phenotypic susceptibility testing using a tablet-based microdilution and disk diffusion method was employed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents from different classes, while broth microdilution assays with disinfectants revealed high-level tolerance to widely used agents, including 70% C2H5OH, 3% H2O2, 0.05% polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) and others. Whole-genome sequencing identified multiple resistance-associated determinants, such as chromosome-encoded class C \u03b2-lactamase (ampC), several efflux systems (sdeXY, macAB, and emrAB) combined with multicopy tolC, and specific transferases (fos and arnT). Shotgun bottom-up HPLC-MS\/MS proteomics confirmed baseline expression of these and other stress-tolerance-related proteins under non-inducing conditions. Taken together, these data underscore the importance of surveillance for Serratia spp. in healthcare facilities to detect strains that combine intrinsic or acquired multidrug resistance with robust survival traits such as disinfectant tolerance and biofilm formation. The present study provides a reference-level phenotypic, genomic, and proteomic characterization of a S. rubidaea clinical isolate, contributing to the understanding of the adaptive potential of this resilient opportunistic pathogen in clinical environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14050988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:46:26Z","timestamp":1777538786000},"page":"988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics of Serratia rubidaea Clinical Strain Revealed Multiple Resistance to Antibiotics and Disinfectants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8937-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anfisa","family":"Kozyreva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow 117246, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9191-6481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Akhmetzyanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow 117246, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5220-9695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Kovalenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow 117246, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7527-9849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Chudinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow 117246, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2766-1746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Rog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow 117246, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5877-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Korneenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow 117246, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1546-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Vakaryuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow 117246, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3211-6919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Gremyacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow 117246, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4473-587X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Butenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow 117246, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0837-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vadim","family":"Govorun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow 117246, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karaman, R., Jubeh, B., and Breijyeh, Z. (2020). Resistance of Gram-Positive Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Overcoming Approaches. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122888"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00117-14","article-title":"The challenge of efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117402","article-title":"Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment","volume":"285","author":"Zhuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24655","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24655","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: The challenges and some emerging strategies for tackling a global menace","volume":"36","author":"Ugwu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Jonas, O.B., and Irwin, A. (2017). Drug-Resistant Infections: A Threat to Our Economic Future, World Bank. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14399","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14399","article-title":"Serratia marcescens antibiotic resistance mechanisms of an opportunistic pathogen: A literature review","volume":"11","author":"Andrade","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"3281910","article-title":"Outbreak of Serratia marcescens in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Mexico","volume":"2023","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-023-04195-3","article-title":"Bacteremia due to Serratia rubidaea in intensive care unit: A case series","volume":"17","author":"Mehdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400291","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.5.2400291","article-title":"A national outbreak of Serratia marcescens complex: Investigation reveals genomic population structure but no source, Norway, June 2021 to February 2023","volume":"30","author":"Taxt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.1.216-217.1996","article-title":"Serratia rubidaea as an invasive pathogen","volume":"34","author":"Ursua","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Federal Service for Surveillance in the Sphere of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being (Rospotrebnadzor) (2024). MR 3.1.0346-24: Organization and Conduct of Microbiological Monitoring in Medical Organizations Methodological Recommendations."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Semina, N.A., Sidorenko, S.V., Rezvan, S.P., Grudinina, S.A., Strachunsky, L.S., Stetsyuk, O.U., Kozlov, R.S., Eidelynteyn, M.V., Vedmina, E.A., and Stolyarova, L.G. (2004). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Guidelines, MUK 4.2.1890-04."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Igonina, E.P., Ilyina, E.N., Fedorova, L.S., Kovalchuk, S.N., Arkhipova, A.L., Demina, Y.V., Eremeeva, N.I., Ilyakova, A.V., and Serov, A.A. (2024). Assessing the Susceptibility of Microorganisms Circulating in Healthcare Facilities to Disinfectants, MU 3.5.1.4100-24."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Rutala, W.A., and Weber, D.J. (2024). Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Andrews, S. (2025, August 14). FastQC: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data, 2010. Available online: http:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Coster, W., and Rademakers, R. (2023). NanoPack2: Population-scale evaluation of long-read sequencing data. Bioinformatics, 39.","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad311"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wick, R.R., Judd, L.M., Gorrie, C.L., and Holt, K.E. (2017). Unicycler: Resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads. PLoS Comput. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005595"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5968","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.05968","article-title":"Dnaapler: A tool to reorient circular microbial genomes","volume":"9","author":"Bouras","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4647","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab199","article-title":"BUSCO Update: Novel and Streamlined Workflows along with Broader and Deeper Phylogenetic Coverage for Scoring of Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, and Viral Genomes","volume":"38","author":"Manni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: Rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1020","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1105","article-title":"RefSeq: Expanding the Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline reach with protein family model curation","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6614","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw569","article-title":"NCBI prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline","volume":"44","author":"Tatusova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91456-0","article-title":"AMRFinderPlus and the Reference Gene Catalog facilitate examination of the genomic links among antimicrobial resistance, stress response, and virulence","volume":"11","author":"Feldgarden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D690","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac920","article-title":"CARD 2023: Expanded curation, support for machine learning, and resistome prediction at the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database","volume":"51","author":"Alcock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02981-13","article-title":"Benchmarking of methods for genomic taxonomy","volume":"52","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Seemann, T. (2025, October 07). mlst: Multi-Locus Sequence Typing. GitHub Repository. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/tseemann\/mlst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14826.1","article-title":"Open-access bacterial population genomics: BIGSdb software, the PubMLST.org website and their applications","volume":"3","author":"Jolley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-020-02090-4","article-title":"Producing polished prokaryotic pangenomes with the Panaroo pipeline","volume":"21","author":"MacAlasdair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015","article-title":"IQ-TREE 2: New Models and Efficient Methods for Phylogenetic Inference in the Genomic Era","volume":"37","author":"Minh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W78","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268","article-title":"Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v6: Recent updates to the phylogenetic tree display and annotation tool","volume":"52","author":"Letunic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00544","article-title":"A fast deisotoping algorithm and its implementation in the MSFragger search engine","volume":"20","author":"Teo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardet, L., Baron, S., Leangapichart, T., Okdah, L., Diene, S.M., and Rolain, J.M. (2017). Deciphering heteroresistance to colistin in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Marseille, France. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 61.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00356-17"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4106","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02129-13","article-title":"Irreproducible and uninterpretable polymyxin B MICs for Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter aerogenes","volume":"51","author":"Landman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg308","article-title":"An RND-type multidrug efflux pump SdeXY from Serratia marcescens","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirshikova, T.V., Sierra-Bakhshi, C.G., Kamaletdinova, L.K., Matrosova, L.E., Khabipova, N.N., Evtugyn, V.G., Khilyas, I.V., Danilova, I.V., Mardanova, A.M., and Sharipova, M.R. (2021). The ABC-Type Efflux Pump MacAB Is Involved in Protection of Serratia marcescens against Aminoglycoside Antibiotics, Polymyxins, and Oxidative Stress. mSphere, 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00033-21"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greene, N.P., Kaplan, E., Crow, A., and Koronakis, V. (2018). Antibiotic Resistance Mediated by the MacB ABC Transporter Family: A Structural and Functional Perspective. Front. Microbiol., 9, Erratum in Front. Microbiol.\u00a02018, 9, 2318.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00950"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01513-07","article-title":"SmdAB, a Heterodimeric ABC-Type Multidrug Efflux Pump in Serratia marcescens","volume":"190","author":"Matsuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leuzzi, A., Di Martino, M.L., Campilongo, R., Falconi, M., Barbagallo, M., Marcocci, L., Pietrangeli, P., Casalino, M., Grossi, M., and Micheli, G. (2015). Multifactor Regulation of the MdtJI Polyamine Transporter in Shigella. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136744"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.9.2328-2334.1995","article-title":"EmrR is a negative regulator of the Escherichia coli multidrug resistance pump EmrAB","volume":"177","author":"Lomovskaya","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.10.2905-2907.2000","article-title":"The EmrR protein represses the Escherichia coli emrRAB multidrug resistance operon by directly binding to its promoter region","volume":"44","author":"Xiong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.12.3414-3419.1995","article-title":"Characterization of MarR, the repressor of the multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) operon in Escherichia coli","volume":"177","author":"Seoane","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52532-8","article-title":"Amino acid substitution scoring matrices specific to intrinsically disordered regions in proteins","volume":"9","author":"Trivedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01583-12","article-title":"Characterization of the polymyxin B resistome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"57","author":"Wiegand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klontz, E.H., Tomich, A.D., G\u00fcnther, S., Lemkul, J.A., Deredge, D., Silverstein, Z., Shaw, J.F., McElheny, C., Doi, Y., and Wintrode, P.L. (2017). Structure and Dynamics of FosA-Mediated Fosfomycin Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 61.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01572-17"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schumann, A., Gaballa, A., Yang, H., Yu, D., Ernst, R.K., and Wiedmann, M. (2024). Site-selective modifications by lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferases linked to colistin resistance and bacterial fitness. mSphere, 9.","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00731-24"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-020-0429-6","article-title":"Molecular diversity of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases and carbapenemases, and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"8","author":"Sawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.4.1660-1661.2005","article-title":"Alteration in the GyrA subunit of DNA gyrase and the ParC subunit of topoisomerase IV in Quinolone-resistant Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 clinical isolates from Kolkata, India","volume":"49","author":"Dutta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.10.2477","article-title":"Association between double mutation in gyrA gene of ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and MICs","volume":"38","author":"Vila","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.2.491","article-title":"Detection of mutations in parC in quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli","volume":"40","author":"Vila","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.10.2661","article-title":"gyrA mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in eight species of Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"42","author":"Weigel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.08.003","article-title":"Emergence of a new mutation and its accumulation in the topoisomerase IV gene confers high levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli isolates","volume":"35","author":"Moon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"E25","article-title":"High prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine clinical samples","volume":"60","author":"Dehbanipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"45","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of microbial resistance to disinfectants","volume":"68","author":"Kovalchuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiot. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-004-0739-4","article-title":"FieF (YiiP) from Escherichia coli mediates decreased cellular accumulation of iron and relieves iron stress","volume":"183","author":"Grass","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.4.981-986.1995","article-title":"The ars operon of Escherichia coli confers arsenical and antimonial resistance","volume":"177","author":"Carlin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"2088","article-title":"Identification of stress-related proteins in Escherichia coli using the pollutant cis-dichloroethylene","volume":"108","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.6.2302-2307.1995","article-title":"Overexpression of the robA gene increases organic solvent tolerance and multiple antibiotic and heavy metal ion resistance in Escherichia coli","volume":"61","author":"Nakajima","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6122","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.19.6122-6126.1997","article-title":"Role of the acrAB locus in organic solvent tolerance mediated by expression of marA, soxS, or robA in Escherichia coli","volume":"179","author":"White","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ito, R., Mustapha, M.M., Tomich, A.D., Callaghan, C., McElheny, C.L., Mettus, R.T., Shanks, R., Sluis-Cremer, N., and Doi, Y. (2017). Widespread Fosfomycin Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria Attributable to the Chromosomal fosA Gene. mBio, 8.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00749-17"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00591-y","article-title":"Efflux pump-mediated resistance to new beta lactam antibiotics in multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Chiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2016.02.011","article-title":"Aminoglycoside Resistance: The Emergence of Acquired 16S Ribosomal RNA Methyltransferases","volume":"30","author":"Doi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(77)90655-6","article-title":"Resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin among clinical isolates of bacteria","volume":"62","author":"Moellering","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/54.12.1420","article-title":"Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents","volume":"54","author":"McManus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gad, G.F., Mohamed, H.A., and Ashour, H.M. (2011). Aminoglycoside resistance rates, phenotypes, and mechanisms of Gram-negative bacteria from infected patients in upper Egypt. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017224"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"111","article-title":"Mechanisms of aminoglycoside resistance in nosocomial Gram-negative bacteria in Russia: Results of a multicenter study","volume":"3","author":"Reshedko","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6676","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.22.6676-6683.2001","article-title":"The global posttranscriptional regulator RsmA modulates production of virulence determinants and N-acylhomoserine lactones in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"183","author":"Pessi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.5.3012-3015.2006","article-title":"The posttranscriptional regulator RsmA plays a role in the interaction between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and human airway epithelial cells by positively regulating the type III secretion system","volume":"74","author":"Mulcahy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.36233\/0372-9311-140","article-title":"Molecular determinants of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica antibiotic resistance","volume":"98","author":"Pavlova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koulenti, D., and Timsit, J.F. (2026). Fosfomycin Use in Treating Severe Difficult-to-Treat Gram-Negative Infections\u2014A Comprehensive Review. Antibiotics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15030234"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01483-14","article-title":"Outer Membrane Protein OmpW Participates with Small Multidrug Resistance Protein Member EmrE in Quaternary Cationic Compound Efflux","volume":"196","author":"Beketskaia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp475","article-title":"Tigecycline resistance in Serratia marcescens associated with up-regulation of the SdeXY-HasF efflux system also active against ciprofloxacin and cefpirome","volume":"65","author":"Hornsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/5\/988\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T04:24:27Z","timestamp":1778732667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/5\/988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14050988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14050988","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]}}}