{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:52:09Z","timestamp":1785433929543,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victor Babe\u0219 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u0219oara"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00afdp487","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic wounds represent a major complication of underlying conditions such as diabetes mellitus, arterial ischemia, surgical wound and burns. This study aimed at the phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance for a selection of bacterial isolates, originating from wounds harvested from patients hospitalized in the Vascular Surgery and Plastic Surgery wards. The microbiological diagnosis of wound infections was established according to the laboratory\u2019s working protocol. PCR screening of antibiotic resistance genes was performed using a real-time PCR, while the microtiter plate assay was used to determine the biofilm-forming capacity. Testing of biofilm susceptibility to meropenem and amikacin was performed on Calgary biofilm device. Of the 88 bacterial isolates studied, 78.40% were Gram-negative bacilli (GNB)\u2014Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.P), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.A), Proteus mirabilis (P.M), Acinetobacter baumannii (A.B), while the remaining 21.60% were Gram-positive cocci (GPC)\u2014Staphylococcus aureus (S.A). All A.B isolates and 92.59% of K.P were carriers of \u03b2-lactamase- and carbapenemase-encoding genes, while 57.89% of S. aureus isolates were carriers of mecA (methicillin-resistant). Strong biofilm-forming isolates (B+++) were more frequent in P.A than in K.P (p = 0.002) and P.M (p = 0.02), with a frequency comparable to that of A.B strains (p = 0.212). When analyzing the biofilm reaction to meropenem, a significantly lower susceptibility was detected in the biofilm for K.P isolates, compared to the planktonic ones. Most GNB have been extensively multidrug-resistant, particularly K.P and A.B. Isolates from chronic wounds are major biofilm-formers. A strong and statistically significant association has been identified in the case of K.P and P.M between the presence of resistance genes and the biofilm-forming capacity. These findings highlight the need for a customized therapeutic approach for each chronic wound, considering the mechanisms underlying treatment resistance. These include bacterial virulence factors and the wound microenvironment colonized by the biofilm and the relative contribution of each to the overall resistance profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14051117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T13:04:09Z","timestamp":1778763849000},"page":"1117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological Study of the Relationship Between Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Biofilm-Forming Capacity in Pathogens Causing Chronic Wound Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Silvia Ioana","family":"Musuroi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Skills, Department I Nursing, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adela","family":"Voinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corina","family":"Musuroi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, \u201cPius Branzeu\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9100-4530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, \u201cPius Branzeu\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6133-0204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin George","family":"Horhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, \u201cLouis Turcanu\u201d Emergency Hospital for Children, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1572-1196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luminita Mirela","family":"Baditoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Epidemiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7644-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"Izmendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6141-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Cosnita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery & Ophthalmology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Ordodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies, Department of Functional Sciences, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer\u2014OncoGen, \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2880-7485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zorin","family":"Crainiceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Plastic Surgery Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Seclaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, 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