{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T14:11:15Z","timestamp":1778767875903,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015308","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024B02011-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024B02011-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015308","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Project of Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China","award":["202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202207"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015308","name":"Major Special Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A02007-2-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A02007-2-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015308","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance, bacteriophages have gradually become the most promising alternative to antibiotics for treating bacterial infectious diseases. In this study, using E. coli DC1 as the host strain, we isolated a bacteriophage named Escherichia coli phage XJA18 from farm sewage. We conducted morphological identification, host range determination, biological characteristic analysis, genomic feature analysis, and evaluation of in vitro and in vivo antibacterial effects. Electron microscopy revealed that phage XJA18 belongs to the class Caudoviricetes, with an icosahedral head and a non-contractile long tail. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the phage has dsDNA with a length of 50,572 bp, with a GC content of 45.33%. The genome does not contain any antibiotic resistance genes or virulence genes, indicating good safety. XJA18 showed lytic activity against 24% of clinically isolated E. coli strains. The optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) was 0.001, with a latent period of 10 min, a burst period of 30 min, and a burst size of 2.22 \u00d7 102 PFU\/cell. It remained stable at 4\u201350 \u00b0C and pH 4\u201312. In vitro antibacterial results revealed that XJA18 had the most pronounced initial bacterial growth suppression at MOI = 0.001 during the first 4 h. In vivo experiments demonstrated that both prophylactic and therapeutic administration of XJA18 could protect against E. coli infection, significantly reducing inflammatory cytokine levels and bacterial loads in the livers and spleens of mice (p &lt; 0.001), significantly increasing body weight (p &lt; 0.05), and reducing histopathological damage to the colon, liver, and lungs. In summary, phage XJA18 can effectively inhibit E. coli and is safe and stable. These characteristics indicate that phage XJA18 has great potential as a novel biological agent to replace antibiotics for treating bacterial infectious diarrhea in calves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14051118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T13:04:09Z","timestamp":1778763849000},"page":"1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isolation, Identification, Biological Characteristics, and In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Effects of a Bovine-Derived Escherichia coli Bacteriophage XJA18"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zihang","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaili","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Diagnosis and Control for Animal Diseases in Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Bayingolin 841000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Center of Diagnosis and Control for Animal Diseases in Aletai Prefecture, Aletai 836500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chuangjin Animal Husbandry, Yili 835213, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chuangjin Animal Husbandry, Yili 835213, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rulong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunle","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chuangjin Animal Husbandry, Yili 835213, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuojun","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Diagnosis and Control for Animal Diseases in Urumqi, Urumqi 830092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuefeng","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7336-2211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuelian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yawei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolenda, R.\u00c5., Burdukiewicz, M.\u00c5., and Schierack, P. 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