{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:57:49Z","timestamp":1790017069330,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003715","name":"Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KGM1052612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KGM1052612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003715","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["KGM1052612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KGM1052612"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ep23f07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["RS-2026-25477916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25477916"]}]},{"name":"Daegu Haany University Regional Innovation System & Education (RISE) Global Project Program","award":["2026-rise-15-110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026-rise-15-110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a major global health threat despite available vaccines and antiviral agents, while current therapies are limited by drug resistance and safety concerns. Curcuminoids exhibit antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities but are constrained by poor water solubility and low bioavailability. To address these limitations, we investigated the antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of a water-solubilized curcuminoid nanoparticle formulation (C\u2013S\/M) in both in vitro and in vivo models of IAV infection. To evaluate the potential antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of C\u2013S\/M, we performed a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay in triplicate at 0.001 MOI and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) targeting viral NS1 transcripts in MDCK cells. C\u2013S\/M suppressed viral NS1 vRNA levels in MDCK cells at lower curcuminoid-equivalent concentrations than native curcuminoids and attenuated IAV-induced TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-8 production. Furthermore, in vivo antiviral efficacy was evaluated in female C57BL\/6 mice intranasally infected with IAV and treated orally with C\u2013S\/M. Survival, lung viral loads, pulmonary cytokine levels, and splenic immune cell phenotypes were analyzed. In IAV-infected mice, oral administration of C\u2013S\/M modestly improved survival and significantly reduced lung viral burden and pulmonary proinflammatory cytokine levels. In addition, in vivo C\u2013S\/M treatment was associated with recovery of virus-suppressed T-cell immune responses, including increased Th1 and activated CD8+ T cells, reduced regulatory T-cell expansion, and restoration of multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These findings suggest that C\u2013S\/M exerts antiviral and immunomodulatory effects in experimental IAV infection and may serve as a potential adjunctive candidate for further investigation against influenza-associated inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14051152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:17:23Z","timestamp":1779203843000},"page":"1152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Water-Solubilized Curcuminoids Suppress Influenza A Virus Replication and Ameliorate Virus-Induced T-Cell Immune Dysfunction and Inflammatory Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4064-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Sun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Sik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5234-2537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaehoon","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Food Research Institute, Industry-University Cooperation Foundation, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan-si 38610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinseok","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung Jae","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Song","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1893-2714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.11.009","article-title":"Inhibition of curcumin on influenza A virus infection and influenzal pneumonia via oxidative stress, TLR2\/4, p38\/JNK MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways","volume":"54","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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