{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:51:24Z","timestamp":1785433884173,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32160865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160865"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32160865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160865"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011785","name":"Guangxi Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025GXNSFBA069220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025GXNSFBA069220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011785","name":"Talent Education Program of Guangxi Science and Technology Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Guike AA23026008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guike AA23026008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the protective mechanisms of oleanolic acid (OA) against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis and intestinal dysbiosis in Nile tilapia. Fish were allocated to four groups: normal diet (ND), HFD, and OA-supplemented HFD (50 and 250 mg\/kg). After 42 days, physiological, biochemical, and histological assessments demonstrated that OA markedly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation, mitochondrial injury, and intestinal shortening. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that OA alleviated lipid dysregulation by inhibiting de novo lipogenesis and promoting lipid trafficking and \u03b2-oxidation, effectively reversing HFD-induced changes in the PPAR, MAPK, mTOR, and autophagy-lysosome signaling pathways. 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that OA increased microbial alpha diversity, suppressing HFD-associated taxa (e.g., Nordella) while enriching beneficial genera such as Clavibacter, Bosea, and Bdellovibrio. Importantly, OA treatment restored HFD-induced depletion of intestinal butyric acid and suppressed hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines (tnf-\u03b1, il-1\u03b2), while upregulating growth-related factors (igf1). Correlation analysis confirmed strong associations between microbial alterations (Nordella and Phreatobacter) and hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammatory gene expression. Overall, OA mitigates metabolic stress in Nile tilapia by reconfiguring the gut\u2013liver axis, integrating microbial restoration with precise regulation of hepatic nutrient-sensing and inflammatory pathways, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for lipid metabolism disorders in aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14061247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:14:57Z","timestamp":1780395297000},"page":"1247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oleanolic Acid Modulates the Gut\u2013Liver Axis to Alleviate High-Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Lipid Deposition in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5338-3437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuhong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruijie","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiagang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Study on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of Reutilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resourcs, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13759","article-title":"The risk assessment of high-fat diet in farmed fish and its mitigation approaches: A review","volume":"107","author":"Naiel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734397","article-title":"Effects of isoenergetic diets with varying protein and lipid levels on the growth, feed utilization, metabolic enzymes activities, antioxidative status and serum biochemical parameters of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii)","volume":"513","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.08.049","article-title":"Alleviation of alcoholic liver injury by betaine involves an enhancement of antioxidant defense via regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolism","volume":"62","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735977","article-title":"Protective function on liver and proteomic analysis of the improvement mechanism of Sedum sarmentosum Bunge extract on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Nile tilapia","volume":"531","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-019-00705-7","article-title":"High dietary lipid level alters the growth, hepatic metabolism enzyme, and anti-oxidative capacity in juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-019-00701-x","article-title":"Inhibition of intestinal lipases alleviates the adverse effects caused by high-fat diet in Nile tilapia","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.06.025","article-title":"Effects of high-fat diet on antioxidative status, apoptosis and inflammation in liver of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) via Nrf2, TLRs and JNK pathways","volume":"104","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-021-00964-3","article-title":"Metabolism and antioxidation regulation of total flavanones from Sedum sarmentosum Bunge against high-fat diet-induced fatty liver disease in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"47","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2019.09.004","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of black ginseng on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in free fatty acid-induced HepG2 cells and high-fat\/high-fructose diet-fed mice","volume":"44","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ginseng. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12834","article-title":"Effects of high-fat diets on growth performance, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial damage in blunt snout bream","volume":"25","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquacult. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, R., Cao, L.P., Du, J.L., He, Q., Gu, Z.Y., Jeney, G., Xu, P., and Yin, G.J. (2020). Effects of High-Fat Diet on Steatosis, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in Liver of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Front. Mar. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00363"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2020.103691","article-title":"Dietary fenofibrate attenuated high-fat-diet-induced lipid accumulation and inflammation response partly through regulation of pparalpha and sirt1 in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii)","volume":"109","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.245852","article-title":"Magnesium Reduces Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and Modulates Lipogenesis and Lipolysis via PPARA, JAK-STAT, and AMPK Pathways in Hepatocytes","volume":"147","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2019.03.009","article-title":"Chronic inflammation is a key to inducing liver injury in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fed with high-fat diet","volume":"97","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740119","article-title":"Effects of dietary carbohydrate\/lipid ratios on growth, body composition, amylase activity, oxidative status, and mTOR\/autophagy pathway in juvenile clam, Sinonovacula constricta","volume":"578","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2019.110331","article-title":"Effects of high fat diet on lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and autophagy in the liver of Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)","volume":"240","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-009-9204-7","article-title":"The gastrointestinal microbiome: A malleable, third genome of mammals","volume":"20","author":"Carroll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22179","article-title":"Gut Microbiota: From Microorganisms to Metabolic Organ Influencing Obesity","volume":"26","author":"Stephens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12819","article-title":"Regulation of lipid metabolism by gut microbiota in aquatic animals","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Aquacult."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G589","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00488.2011","article-title":"Saturated fat stimulates obesity and hepatic steatosis and affects gut microbiota composition by an enhanced overflow of dietary fat to the distal intestine","volume":"303","author":"Derrien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huyben, D., Roehe, B.K., Bekaert, M., Ruyter, B., and Glencross, B. (2020). Dietary Lipid: Protein Ratio and n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alters the Gut Microbiome of Atlantic Salmon Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.589898"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.06.080","article-title":"Dietary microencapsulated oil improves immune function and intestinal health in Nile tilapia fed with high-fat diet","volume":"496","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.12.062","article-title":"Disturbance in the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota by a high-fat diet in the rice field eel (Monopterus albus)","volume":"502","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13307","article-title":"Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance, plasma biochemistry, lipid metabolism and intestinal microbiota of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)","volume":"27","author":"Xun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquacult. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jannus, F., Sainz, J., and Reyes-Zurita, F.J. (2024). Principal Bioactive Properties of Oleanolic Acid, Its Derivatives, and Analogues. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29143291"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7884","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c02257","article-title":"Oleanolic Acid Targets the Gut-Liver Axis to Alleviate Metabolic Disorders and Hepatic Steatosis","volume":"69","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8243","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4408","article-title":"Oleanolic acid attenuates obesity through modulating the lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00399-z","article-title":"Gut microbiome determines therapeutic effects of OCA on NAFLD by modulating bile acid metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.742656","article-title":"Oleanolic acid-targeted LAMP1 mediates autophagy and lysosome to alleviate high-fat-induced hepatic lipid deposition","volume":"607","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28820","article-title":"Rubicon inhibits autophagy and accelerates hepatocyte apoptosis and lipid accumulation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"64","author":"Tanaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.002311","article-title":"Medaka as a model for human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"3","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis. Model Mech."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3682","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-133587","article-title":"17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 8 and carbonyl reductase type 4 assemble as a ketoacyl reductase of human mitochondrial FAS","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108428","article-title":"17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"246","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.11.005","article-title":"Lipoprotein Lipase and Its Regulators: An Unfolding Story","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000676","article-title":"Regulation of lipoprotein lipase-mediated lipolysis of triglycerides","volume":"31","author":"Basu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.03.013","article-title":"Physiological regulation of lipoprotein lipase","volume":"1841","author":"Kersten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0157","article-title":"Inhibition of Fatty Acid Translocase (FAT\/CD36) Palmitoylation Enhances Hepatic Fatty Acid beta-Oxidation by Increasing Its Localization to Mitochondria and Interaction with Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetase 1","volume":"36","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v13.i11.1512","article-title":"Fatty acid metabolism and acyl-CoA synthetases in the liver-gut axis","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14206","article-title":"Lysosomal acid lipase activity and liver fibrosis in the clinical continuum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"39","author":"Baratta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i30.4172","article-title":"Reduced lysosomal acid lipase activity: A new marker of liver disease severity across the clinical continuum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?","volume":"25","author":"Baratta","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Kim, S.Q. (2023). The Role of Sterol O-Acyltransferase 1 in Obesity and in Prostate Cancer. [Doctoral Dissertation, Purdue University Graduate School]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1984.23","article-title":"The potential bronchodilator action of verapamil","volume":"62","author":"Cade","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1126\u20131130","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2017","article-title":"Hepatic glucokinase expression is associated with lipogenesis and fatty liver in humans","volume":"96","author":"Peter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.07.007","article-title":"Microbiota and Fatty Liver Disease-the Known, the Unknown, and the Future","volume":"28","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/114913","article-title":"Occurrence of Mycobacterium spp. in ornamental fish","volume":"27","author":"Puk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Blake, L., Jordan, A.B., Nicholls, S., Soto, E., Iwanowicz, L., Suepaul, R., Oura, C., and Phillips Savage, A.C.N. (2026). Diagnosis of Mycobacteriosis in Cultured Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in Trinidad and Tobago. J. Fish Dis., e70156."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6702-2","article-title":"Modulation of the intestinal microbiota and morphology of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, following the application of a multi-species probiotic","volume":"99","author":"Standen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2010.02943.x","article-title":"The protective effect of Bdellovibrio-and-like organisms (BALO) on tilapia fish fillets against Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhimurium","volume":"51","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najnine, F., Cao, Q., Zhao, Y., and Cai, J. (2020). Antibacterial activities of Bdellovibrio and like organisms in aquaculture. The Ecology of Predation at the Microscale, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45599-6_4"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, R.S., and Mok, A. (2007). Phylogenomics and signature proteins for the alpha proteobacteria and its main groups. BMC Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-106"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.134","article-title":"Adaptation of an abundant Roseobacter RCA organism to pelagic systems revealed by genomic and transcriptomic analyses","volume":"9","author":"Voget","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.02.038","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of bacterioplankton composition in a semi-intensive European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) aquaculture system","volume":"490","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02717-09","article-title":"Inactivation of Vibrio anguillarum by attached and planktonic Roseobacter cells","volume":"76","author":"Melchiorsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738801","article-title":"Nuclease treatment enhances the probiotic effect of Bacillus velezensis T23 on hepatic steatosis and inflammation induced by high-fat diet in zebrafish","volume":"562","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Fan, Z., Zhang, Z., Yi, M., Liu, Z., Ke, X., Gao, F., Cao, J., and Lu, M. (2022). Effects of diet on the gut microbial communities of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) across their different life stages. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.926132"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4707","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00591-07","article-title":"Phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of Planctomycetes from anaerobic, sulfide- and sulfur-rich Zodletone Spring, Oklahoma","volume":"73","author":"Elshahed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06276-z","article-title":"Antiseptic mouthwash, the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway, and hospital mortality: A hypothesis generating review","volume":"47","author":"Blot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01413-y","article-title":"From nitrate to NO: Potential effects of nitrate-reducing bacteria on systemic health and disease","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nitrate, nitrite and nitric oxide reductases: From the last universal common ancestor to modern bacterial pathogens","volume":"29","author":"Baumler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.03.001","article-title":"Reduction in nitric oxide bioavailability shifts serum lipid content towards atherogenic lipoprotein in rats","volume":"101","author":"Aluko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809406115","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase activation and NADPH oxidase inhibition by inorganic nitrate and nitrite prevent liver steatosis","volume":"116","author":"Kozyra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, F., Wu, S.G., Zhang, J., Jakovlic, I., Li, W.X., Zou, H., Li, M., and Wang, G.T. (2018). Dietary Bile Salt Types Influence the Composition of Biliary Bile Acids and Gut Microbiota in Grass Carp. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02209"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4934","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13312","article-title":"The influence of diet on the grass carp intestinal microbiota and bile acids","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquacult. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.734935","article-title":"Dietary bile acids regulate the hepatic lipid homeostasis in tiger puffer fed normal or high-lipid diets","volume":"519","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabg1371","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abg1371","article-title":"Fxr signaling and microbial metabolism of bile salts in the zebrafish intestine","volume":"7","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"101654","article-title":"Supplementation of flavonoids and inulin in Totoaba macdonaldi: Microbiota, liver gene expression and growth performance responses","volume":"31","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquacult. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101815","article-title":"Effects of in ovo feeding and dietary addition oils on growth performance and immune function of broiler chickens","volume":"101","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"101742","article-title":"Gut microbiota adaptation to low and high carbohydrate-to-protein ratio diets in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquacult. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.11.030","article-title":"Insufficient or excessive dietary carbohydrates affect gut health through change in gut microbiota and regulation of gene expression of gut epithelial cells in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","volume":"132","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738055","article-title":"Intestinal farnesoid X receptor mediates the effect of dietary berberine on lipid accumulation in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","volume":"553","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12317","article-title":"Progress and perspectives of short-chain fatty acids in aquaculture","volume":"12","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Aquacult."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2026.116655","article-title":"Impacts of structurally distinct starches on growth, short-chain fatty acid production, hepatic lipid metabolic homeostasis, and inflammatory response in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"334","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.05.049","article-title":"Sodium butyrate improved intestinal immune function associated with NF-\u03baB and p38MAPK signalling pathways in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","volume":"66","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/6\/1247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:39:17Z","timestamp":1780396757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/6\/1247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14061247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14061247","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]}}}