{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:06:41Z","timestamp":1780578401000,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Travel-associated Legionnaires\u2019 disease (TALD) investigations in hotels have generated extensive environmental monitoring data. However, the occupational implications for workers who operate, maintain, clean, or inspect the same systems are rarely assessed. We developed a hybrid framework integrating a semi-quantitative environmental hazard model with deterministic Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). In the first model, culture concentration bands were combined with physicochemical deviation indicators (temperature, free residual chlorine, and pH) to derive point-level hazard (Hi) and zone-level hazard (H\u00afz). In the second model, a job-based presence matrix was combined with zone-specific serogroup-based severity using a simplified World Health Organization (WHO)-style 3 \u00d7 3 likelihood\u2013severity approach. Legionella pneumophila (\u226550 CFU\/L) was detected in 29.94% of water samples and was significantly associated with low chlorine (&lt;0.2 mg\/L; RR 2.90) and hot water temperature &lt; 55 \u00b0C (RR 3.07). To support comparative occupational exposure stratification, QMRA was applied to estimate the daily inhaled dose (d) for 15 worker groups, indicating variability in modeled biological exposure across occupational categories. Within this framework, modeled occupational exposure potential was shaped by the combined influence of pathogen concentration and assumed exposure duration. Under the hazard model, the highest zone-level hazard estimate was observed in kitchens and food and beverage (F&amp;B) areas (H\u00afz = 2.607), followed by machinery rooms (H\u00afz = 2.022) and guest rooms (H\u00afz = 1.874). These findings support the integration of worker protection into water safety management, particularly in areas and groups overlooked in routine investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14061257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:50:28Z","timestamp":1780447828000},"page":"1257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Hybrid Occupational Risk Assessment of Legionella pneumophila in Hotel Water Systems Associated with TALD Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8891-2084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Papadakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes\u2014Staurakia, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"},{"name":"Directorate General of Public Health and Social Welfare of the Region of Crete, 71201 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Diamantopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Koufakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Protection Authority of the Region of Crete, 71201 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2078-9822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Psaroulaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes\u2014Staurakia, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Regional Laboratory of Public Health of Crete, School of Medicine, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7370-7830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimosthenis","family":"Chochlakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes\u2014Staurakia, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Regional Laboratory of Public Health of Crete, School of Medicine, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2026, January 03). 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