{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T10:07:37Z","timestamp":1780654057356,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Anhui Engineering Research Center for Development and Application of Brewing Industry Microbial Resource","award":["BIM202603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIM202603"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To identify efficient cellulose-degrading microbes suitable for the animal intestinal environment and to address the low utilization of crude fiber in feed, eight cellulolytic strains were isolated from the ileum of Yangzhou geese. Among them, strain A2 showed the highest cellulolytic activity (D\/d = 1.48) via the CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) agar transparent zone method. Based on whole-genome-based identification, strain A2 was identified as Bacillus subtilis. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a circular chromosome of 4.02 Mb with a GC content of 43.72%, containing 4083 protein-coding sequences, of which 7.40% were involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism. CAZyme annotation identified 167 carbohydrate-active enzyme genes, including 64 glycoside hydrolase genes, along with 60 hemicellulase and 3 lignin-degrading enzyme genes, forming a complete lignocellulose-degrading system. The cellulase from A2 exhibited optimal activity at 55 \u00b0C and pH 7.0, with good stability at 50\u201365 \u00b0C and pH 5\u20137, and was significantly inhibited by Cu2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+. Notably, its degradation efficiency toward microcrystalline cellulose reached 197% of that toward CMC. In conclusion, B. subtilis A2, with its excellent enzymatic properties and robust genetic foundation, is a promising candidate for developing feed enzymes and enhancing lignocellulose utilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14061272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T08:43:04Z","timestamp":1780648984000},"page":"1272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isolation, Identification, and Genomic Characterization of a Cellulolytic Bacillus subtilis A2 from Goose Ileum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Linghong","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China"},{"name":"Anhui Engineering Research Center for Development and Application of Brewing Industry Microbial Resource, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengkun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvqing","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoubao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China"},{"name":"Anhui Engineering Research Center for Development and Application of Brewing Industry Microbial Resource, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1039\/C5PY00263J","article-title":"Lignocellulosic biomass: A sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers","volume":"6","author":"Isikgor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.148331","article-title":"Lignin-driven valorization of lignocellulosic biomass to functional biochar for advanced wastewater remediation: A review","volume":"331","author":"Dadhich","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2023.110363","article-title":"Exploring the diversity of \u03b2-glucosidase: Classification, catalytic mechanism, molecular characteristics, kinetic models, and applications","volume":"173","author":"Erkanli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhang, X., He, K., Song, X., Yu, J., Guo, Z., and Xu, M. (2023). Isolation and Identification of Bacillus subtilis LY-1 and Its Antifungal and Growth-Promoting Effects. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12244158"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4440","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15536","article-title":"Effects of dietary fibre on intestinal microbiota in geese evaluated by 16SrRNA gene sequencing","volume":"132","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2016.1205594","article-title":"Gene Cloning and Expression of Cellulase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Isolated from the Cecum of Goose","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D625","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1045","article-title":"CAZac: An activity descriptor for carbohydrate-active enzymes","volume":"53","author":"Lombard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-023-02375-3","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing and the lignocellulose degradation potential of Bacillus subtilis RLI2019 isolated from the intestine of termites","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s10532-025-10193-7","article-title":"Isolation and identification of a novel cellulolytic bacterium and optimization of FPase production for bagasse hydrolysis","volume":"36","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biodegradation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-024-03974-z","article-title":"Isolation, screening and characterization of efficient cellulose-degrading fungal and bacterial strains and preparation of their consortium under in vitro studies","volume":"14","author":"Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106487","article-title":"Metagenomic insights into the influence of goose farming on the gut microbiome and antibiotic resistome of workers","volume":"105","author":"Hao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Gong, S., Yang, Y., Wang, C., Wang, H., and He, D. (2023). Bile acids supplementation modulates lipid metabolism, intestinal function, and cecal microbiota in geese. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1185218"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110812","article-title":"Characterization of high-pressure-treated Bacillus subtilis spore populations using flow cytometry\u2014Shedding light on spore superdormancy at 550 MPa","volume":"422","author":"Heydenreich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2025.1487-1507","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulation and immunity enhancement by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NL1.2: A fiber-degrading probiotic isolated from native Thai swine","volume":"18","author":"Khongkool","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14257","article-title":"A model industrial workhorse: Bacillus subtilis strain 168 and its genome after a quarter of a century","volume":"16","author":"Bremer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0092324","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00923-24","article-title":"Pan-genome-scale metabolic modeling of Bacillus subtilis reveals functionally distinct groups","volume":"9","author":"Neal","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06869-w","article-title":"Phages overcome bacterial immunity via diverse anti-defence proteins","volume":"625","author":"Yirmiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhakal, R., Guo, W., Vieira, R.A.M., Guan, L., and Neves, A.L.A. (2025). Advances in Lignocellulose-Degrading Enzyme Discovery from Anaerobic Rumen Fungi. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122826"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R.P., Bhaiyya, R., Thakur, R., Niharika, J., Singh, C., Latousakis, D., Saalbach, G., Nepogodiev, S.A., Singh, P., and Sharma, S.C. (2022). Biochemical Basis of Xylooligosaccharide Utilisation by Gut Bacteria. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23062992"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"001354","article-title":"Genomic insights into the beneficial potential of Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus strains isolated from Cameroonian infants","volume":"11","author":"Kaktcham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0326723","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03267-23","article-title":"Cellulolytic Bacillus cereus produces a variety of short-chain fatty acids and has potential as a probiotic","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08859-6","article-title":"ez-CAZy a reference annotation database for linking glycoside hydrolase sequence to enzymatic activity","volume":"15","author":"Erdody","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2024.05.009","article-title":"Microbial \u03b2-glucosidases: Recent advances and applications","volume":"225","author":"Magwaza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiae114","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiae114","article-title":"Moderately thermostable GH1 \u03b2-glucosidases from hyperacidophilic archaeon Cuniculiplasma divulgatum S5","volume":"100","author":"Khusnutdinova","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20386","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20386","article-title":"Acclimation and degradation characteristic of the microbial system in corn straw","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1754-6834-4-5","article-title":"Hemicellulases and auxiliary enzymes for improved conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to monosaccharides","volume":"4","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130993","article-title":"Trends in the development and current perspective of thermostable bacterial hemicellulases with their industrial endeavors: A review","volume":"265","author":"Akram","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137338","article-title":"Investigation of Abortiporus biennis lignocellulolytic toolbox, and the role of laccases in polystyrene degradation","volume":"312","author":"Zerva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13950","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13950","article-title":"Metagenomic-based discovery and comparison of the lignin degrading potential of microbiomes in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems via the LCdb database","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20040892","article-title":"Carbohydrate-binding modules: Fine-tuning polysaccharide recognition","volume":"382","author":"Boraston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-024-02564-8","article-title":"The impact of the carbohydrate-binding module on how a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase modifies cellulose fibers","volume":"17","author":"Sulaeva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2021.105843","article-title":"Optimal secretion of thermostable Beta-glucosidase in Bacillus subtilis by signal peptide optimization","volume":"182","author":"Khadye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Expr. Purif."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3615757","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3615757","article-title":"Characterization of Thermostable Cellulase from Bacillus licheniformis PANG L Isolated from the Himalayan Soil","volume":"2023","author":"Shyaula","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui, T.K.L., Lo, I.C.N., Wong, K.K.W., Tsang, C.T.T., and Tsang, L.M. (2024). Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome illuminates the mechanisms and evolution of lignocellulose degradation in mangrove herbivorous crabs. BMC Microbiol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03209-4"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgeb.2024.100404","article-title":"Whole genome sequence analysis of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain S2.5 as a potential probiotic for feed supplement in livestock production","volume":"22","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-021-00395-8","article-title":"Purification, Identification, and Characterization of a Glycoside Hydrolase Family 11-Xylanase with High Activity from Aspergillus niger VTCC 017","volume":"64","author":"Dao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2105.05026","article-title":"Characterization of a GH8 \u03b2-1,4-Glucanase from Bacillus subtilis B111 and Its Saccharification Potential for Agricultural Straws","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/10826068.2024.2425970","article-title":"Cellulase immobilization on nano-chitosan\/chromium metal-organic framework hybrid matrix for efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to glucose","volume":"55","author":"Suhag","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59256-4","article-title":"Enhanced crystalline cellulose degradation by a novel metagenome-derived cellulase enzyme","volume":"14","author":"Gharechahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01328-0","article-title":"Advancing cellulose degradation through synthetic biology: Engineered pathways and microbial systems for sustainable biomass conversion","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/6\/1272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T09:25:03Z","timestamp":1780651503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/6\/1272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14061272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14061272","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]}}}