{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:36:49Z","timestamp":1785411409390,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":271,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-05233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-05233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RGPIN-2020-05233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-05233"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h531d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec-Nature et technologies"},{"name":"Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella enterica comprises numerous serovars with distinct host ranges and disease outcomes. Among them, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Its ability to persist both in the environment and within the host gastrointestinal tract is largely attributed to biofilm formation. In contrast, the human-restricted pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) primarily forms biofilm in the gallbladder during chronic infection. These differences suggest that the two serovars are exposed and respond to distinct environmental cues. Curli fimbriae are key components of the biofilm matrix, contributing to initial surface adhesion and structural stability. In this review, we examine the regulation of curli fimbriae (csg operons) in S. Typhimurium, incorporating recent advances in the field, and compare these mechanisms with new insights concerning regulation in S. Typhi. Comparative analyses highlight significant differences in csg expression and regulatory pathways between the two serovars. All two-component systems known to influence curli expression carry mutations in active protein domains in S. Typhi. This is also true for diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases, with some exhibiting important modifications in S. Typhi, including truncation and insertion. Such polymorphisms could contribute to variation in the curli regulatory pathway and may reflect broader mechanisms of host adaptation in S. Typhi. Understanding this regulatory divergence is essential for elucidating host specificity and the distinct pathogenic strategies of S. Typhi related to biofilm formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14061289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T02:32:46Z","timestamp":1780885966000},"page":"1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Environmental Persistence to Host Adaptation: Differential Curli Regulation in Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhimurium and Typhi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Camille","family":"Ou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, 2900 Boulevard \u00c9douard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9423-2037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karine","family":"Dufresne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences Biologiques, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, 405 Rue Sainte-Catherine Est, Montreal, QC H2L 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4832-3936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles M.","family":"Dozois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6847-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"France","family":"Daigle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, 2900 Boulevard \u00c9douard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Institut Courtois d\u2019Innovation Biom\u00e9dicale, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"210","article-title":"Salmonella: Clinical importance and evolution of nomenclature","volume":"30","author":"Su","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med. 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