{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:21:34Z","timestamp":1787934094872,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zoonoses account for the majority of recognized mammalian viral spillover events, primarily originating from bats, rodents, and primates. Human activities have significantly accelerated these transmissions. This narrative review synthesizes the evolutionary, ecological, pathogen-related, and anthropogenic drivers of viral zoonotic spillover to identify critical leverage points for pandemic prevention. A narrative literature review was conducted. The analysis focused on factors enabling animal pathogens to transform into human pathogens, examining host species, pathogen traits, human\u2013animal interactions, and environmental impacts. Pathogen transformation depends on host traits, contact frequency, and viral characteristics. Anthropogenic drivers\u2014including livestock expansion, the bushmeat trade, wet markets, and the exotic pet industry\u2014significantly elevate spillover risks. Effective pandemic prevention requires targeted interventions at the wildlife\u2013livestock\u2013human interfaces. A holistic, multidisciplinary collaboration between national governments and international organizations is essential to mitigate future risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14061316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:53:10Z","timestamp":1781247190000},"page":"1316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Targeting Zoonotic Spillover Drivers for Global Pandemic Prevention: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9833-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Mpakosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, General Hospital of Nikaia \u201cAgios Panteleimon\u201d, 18454 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Cholevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8588-8672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Lianou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Nikaia \u201cAgios Panteleimon\u201d, 18454 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6168-3217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Foteini","family":"Tziraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, General Hospital of Nikaia \u201cAgios Panteleimon\u201d, 18454 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Vogiatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, General Hospital of Nikaia \u201cAgios Panteleimon\u201d, 18454 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stamatios","family":"Cholevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, European University of Cyprus, Diogenes 2404, Engomi, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Tzouvelekis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Technology, Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Mironidou-Tzouveleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina A.","family":"Tsante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Haematology and Blood Bank Unit, \u201cAttikon\u201d Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1978-5864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deny","family":"Tsakri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9065-4811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Petrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd University Department of Internal 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