{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T06:34:23Z","timestamp":1792305263662,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":253,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut\u2013vagina axis has emerged as a growing area of interest in female health due to its potential role in mediating physiological processes via interactions between distinct microbiomes, including microbial migration, hormonal and immune regulation, and metabolite exchange. Recent advances in microbiome research suggest bidirectional communication between gut and vaginal communities, with potential effects on microbial composition, immune responses, hormonal balance, and metabolic activity in both sites. In this review, we outline the most promising features of the gut\u2013vaginal relationship, emphasize the significance of their plausible bidirectional communication, and discuss how these interactions may affect local and systemic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14061327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:44:58Z","timestamp":1781484298000},"page":"1327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Gut\u2013Vagina Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Agoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3929-7502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Roselletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7167-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Marasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0587-8467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Canio","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"},{"name":"Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5299-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Pericolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1611-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"De Seta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The Human Microbiome Project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","article-title":"Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome","volume":"486","author":"Huttenhower","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14691","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005963107","article-title":"Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa","volume":"107","author":"Filippo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. 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