{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:02:31Z","timestamp":1785438151365,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010628","name":"Universidad de la Sabana","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MED-20-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MED-20-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["MED-20-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MED-20-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sqgkj21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of the Leptospira genus. Currently, 77 genomic species have been described. Leptospira interrogans is the most extensively studied species due to its high prevalence worldwide and the severity of the disease it causes in humans and animals. However, Leptospira santarosai is an important pathogenic species in the Americas, the Caribbean islands, and Taiwan. This species has a high serological diversity: it can infect domestic, wild, and agricultural production animals, causing reproductive problems and substantial economic losses. Additionally, Leptospira santarosai has been detected in water sources and wet soils. In humans, infection with this species can lead to a wide range of clinical manifestations and severe complications. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize available information on the serological diversity, geographical distribution, natural sources of infection, and human leptospirosis caused by Leptospira santarosai to better understand their role in the leptospirosis transmission cycle. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted, following the criteria established by the PRISMA-2020 guide, the search for scientific articles was conducted in five specialized and multidisciplinary databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, and LILACS), and a search engine (Google Scholar). Two different search strategies (Leptospira santarosai OR L. santarosai) were used. Result: Once the search was carried out in the databases, 2989 scientific articles were identified. These articles underwent a process of identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion, resulting in 84 articles that met all established inclusion criteria. These articles were included in the qualitative synthesis and elaboration of the systematic review. Conclusions:\u00a0Leptospira santarosai shows a high serological diversity, with 14 serogroups and 59 serovars. The species has a wide geographic distribution, having been reported on five continents and in 26 countries, and has been described as an infectious agent in at least 24 host animals. It has also been detected in environmental sources such as water and wet soils; 24 serovars have been identified as the causative agents of human leptospirosis, causing clinical manifestations that range from mild to severe forms of the disease and clinical complications such as myocarditis, uveitis, and neuroleptospirosis. Although L. santarosai is considered native to the Americas, it shows an expansion pattern to other continents and countries. Therefore, this pathogenic species of the Leptospira genus represents an important public health problem worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14061364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T09:18:43Z","timestamp":1781860723000},"page":"1364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Leptospira santarosai: A Systematic Review on Its Serological Diversity, Geographical Distribution, Natural Sources of Infection, and Human Leptospirosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ronald Guillermo","family":"Pel\u00e1ez S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Chronic Diseases Study Group (GEINCRO), School of Health Sciences, San Martin University, Sabaneta 055457, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7666-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Emilio","family":"Salazar Fl\u00f3rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Chronic Diseases Study Group (GEINCRO), School of Health Sciences, San Martin University, Sabaneta 055457, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0192-2798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luz Estella","family":"Giraldo Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Chronic Diseases Study Group (GEINCRO), School of Health Sciences, San Martin University, Sabaneta 055457, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina Paola","family":"Cifuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Chronic Diseases Study Group (GEINCRO), School of Health Sciences, San Martin University, Sabaneta 055457, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela S\u00e1nchez","family":"Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Chronic Diseases Study Group (GEINCRO), School of Health Sciences, San Martin University, Sabaneta 055457, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8721-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1239-1454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Ossa-Yepes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Biology CES, Directorate of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Universidad CES, Antioquia 050021, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8295-0100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Torres-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Hideyo Noguchi Regional Research Center, Laboratory of Zoonoses and Other Vector-Borne Diseases, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Yucatan 97000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Suarez-Galaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Hideyo Noguchi Regional Research Center, Laboratory of Zoonoses and Other Vector-Borne Diseases, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Yucatan 97000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5716-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Urrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INCA-CES Group, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Universidad CES, Medell\u00edn 050021, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1736-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Ernesto","family":"L\u00f3pez-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine (ICMT), Sabaneta 055450, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9154-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Agudelo-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Ch\u00eda 025001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3466-7466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando P.","family":"Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, 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