{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:52:40Z","timestamp":1782237160813,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of live Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Yb in vitro and compared response patterns associated with practical L. paracasei Yb formulation formats in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation mouse model. In vitro, live L. paracasei Yb increased TNF-\u03b1 production in RAW 264.7 macrophages at 2 \u00d7 106 to 5 \u00d7 107 CFU\/mL, increased IL-1\u03b2 only at 5 \u00d7 107 CFU\/mL, and increased IL-10 at 1 \u00d7 107 and 5 \u00d7 107 CFU\/mL. In splenocytes, L. paracasei Yb increased TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-10 compared with untreated controls, although these responses did not show a simple concentration-dependent pattern. In vivo, BALB\/c mice received fresh L. paracasei Yb yogurt (YG), freeze-dried yogurt (YG-FD), or bacterial powder (BP) for 53 days. Compared with the OVA-sensitized Negative control group, YG and BP did not significantly reduce serum total IgE or OVA-specific IgE, and airway responsiveness and BALF eosinophils showed limited or non-significant changes. In contrast, YG and BP significantly reduced lung inflammation scores (Negative control, 6.86 \u00b1 1.57; YG, 5.13 \u00b1 0.83; BP, 4.50 \u00b1 0.55) and ConA-stimulated splenocyte IL-4 secretion (Negative control, 1168.43 \u00b1 553.34 pg\/mL; YG, 589.84 \u00b1 233.54 pg\/mL; BP, 472.28 \u00b1 186.44 pg\/mL). These findings suggest that practical formulation conditions may shape selected preclinical immunological and histopathological responses to L. paracasei Yb. Further studies incorporating CFU-matched dosing, probiotic-free yogurt controls, and mechanistic validation are required before clinical relevance in asthma can be inferred.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14071389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:11:49Z","timestamp":1782234709000},"page":"1389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Practical Formulation-Associated Immunomodulatory Responses of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Yb in an Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yi-Fang","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uni-President Enterprises Corporation, Tainan 710401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Cheng","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uni-President Enterprises Corporation, Tainan 710401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uni-President Enterprises Corporation, Tainan 710401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang-Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Input and Product Valorization Research Center, Agriculture Technology Research Institute, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Input and Product Valorization Research Center, Agriculture Technology Research Institute, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammet Ali","family":"Asan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan"},{"name":"The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8774-4887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan"},{"name":"The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0621-6219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Po","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan"},{"name":"The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uni-President Enterprises Corporation, Tainan 710401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2023.100794","article-title":"Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Impact of Adolescent Asthma in Taiwan: Global Asthma Network Phase I Survey","volume":"16","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. 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