{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T13:51:49Z","timestamp":1782395509736,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA-NIFA Evans Allen Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NC.X-329-5-20-120-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC.X-329-5-20-120-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Onion peel extract (OPE) is rich in polyphenolic compounds with antimicrobial potential. Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection in young broiler chicks causes morbidity, reduced growth, and contributes to human gastroenteritis through contaminated poultry products. The spleen is a key secondary lymphoid organ coordinating systemic responses to pathogens in chicken. This study evaluated how dietary OPE influences spleen metabolic profiles during SE infection. Day-old Ross 708 male chicks (n = 128) were assigned to four treatments: CON, CON-SE, OPE (6 g\/kg), and OPE-SE. Chicks in CON and OPE received sterile broth, whereas CON-SE and OPE-SE received 2.25 \u00d7 108 CFU\/mL SE at 2 d of age. At 5 and 12 dpi, spleens from six chicks per treatment were collected for untargeted HPLC-MS metabolomics. A total of 857 metabolites were identified and analyzed using MetaboAnalyst 6.0 (p &lt; 0.05; fold change \u2265 2.0; VIP score &gt; 1.0). In CON-SE chicks, energy generating metabolites (6-phosphogluconic acid, methylmalonic acid, propionic acid) increased, while 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin D2 and kynurenic acid decreased. Dietary OPE elevated several dipeptides (L-Val-Gly, L-Leu-Gly, Gly-Gly-Leu, L-Val-L-Met) and reduced ATP linked metabolites (3,6-di-O-methyl-beta-D-glucose and 3-O-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol). Enrichment analysis showed that SE infection altered valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, whereas OPE enriched galactose and biotin metabolism in uninfected chicks, but enriched tryptophan, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism in SE-infected chicks. Overall, dietary OPE optimized response of metabolic pathways associated with immune activation, unlike corresponding pathways in CON-SE birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14071397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:03:56Z","timestamp":1782349436000},"page":"1397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spleen Metabolome Reveals Immune-Mediated Responses Modulated by Onion Peel Extract in Salmonella-Infected Broiler Chicks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6509-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Odinaka C.","family":"Iwuozo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Omaliko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2400-1918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluteru E.","family":"Orimaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8034-7391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safiu A.","family":"Suberu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0829-9011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye Won","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3619-5853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yewande O.","family":"Fasina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew037","article-title":"Colonization of internal organs by Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens housed in enriched colony cages at different stocking densities","volume":"95","author":"Gast","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. 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