{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:45:59Z","timestamp":1785422759984,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Third Institute of Oceanography","award":["2026008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026008"]}]},{"award":["2026008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026008"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00w6b9958","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42476253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42476253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["42476253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42476253"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Direct sea discharge outlets served as critical conduits for urban sewage and industrial wastewater disposal, playing dual roles as pollutant dilution channels and hotspots for pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes. Traditional monitoring approaches relying on physicochemical parameters and fecal indicator bacteria failed to capture the latent and cumulative risks posed by complex microbial communities. In this review, a holistic microbiome perspective was adopted to systematically synthesize current knowledge on the bacterial community dynamics, assembly mechanisms, resistome\u2013virulome coupling patterns, mobilome-associated risk characteristics, and emerging biomonitoring strategies in direct sea discharge outlets. By integrating high-throughput multi-omics technologies with ecological network analysis and machine learning, we delineated a paradigm shift from cataloging microbial presence to deciphering functional interactions, risk propagation dynamics, and proactive surveillance strategies. Furthermore, under the \u201cOne Health\u201d framework, we discussed emerging research frontiers and future challenges in managing pollution at discharge outlets, aiming to provide a scientific basis for environmental risk management in coastal zones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14071401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T03:20:21Z","timestamp":1782357621000},"page":"1401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic Bacterial Communities, Resistome\u2013Virulome Coupling, and Biomonitoring Paradigms at Direct Sea Discharge Outlets: An Integrated Microbiome Perspective for Coastal Pollution Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bingkun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2483-0300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shulei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.114112","article-title":"Seasonal variation, virulence gene and antibiotic resistance of Vibrio in a semi-enclosed bay with mariculture (Dongshan Bay, Southern China)","volume":"184","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. 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