{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T07:44:38Z","timestamp":1782719078821,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Shaanxi Academy of Science","award":["2024K-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024K-08"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Research and Development Program","award":["2025NC-YBXM-120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025NC-YBXM-120"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hemorrhagic pneumonia is a severe and often fatal disease in captive forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii), but the pathogen remains incompletely understood. Based on incomplete statistics, the estimated incidence in captive populations ranges from 20% to 80%, with the disease occurring mainly in autumn, winter, and early spring. The disease has an acute onset and rapid progression. Due to the species\u2019 strong stress response, affected animals rarely show behavioral changes, making early detection difficult. In this study, we investigated a mortality case presenting with oral bleeding and hematemesis on a forest musk deer farm. Postmortem examination revealed diffuse hemorrhagic pneumonia, and lung tissue samples were collected for histopathology, bacterial isolation, full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and DNA\/RNA virome sequencing. Histological examination showed extensive alveolar hemorrhage, fibrinous exudate, and macrophage infiltration. Bacterial culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified Bergeyella zoohelcum as the predominant bacterium, accounting for 100% of the bacterial community in the lung tissue. Virome analysis revealed predominantly DNA bacteriophages (e.g., Cirlivirales, Cremevirales, Microviridae) and no known pathogenic RNA viruses; only seven low-abundance, unclassified RNA viral contigs of low completeness were detected. These results indicate that B. zoohelcum is the likely causative agent of hemorrhagic pneumonia in this case, with no evidence of viral involvement. This study provides the first direct association of B. zoohelcum with hemorrhagic pneumonia in forest musk deer, highlighting its pathogenic potential and the importance of monitoring this bacterium in captive populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14071418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T05:49:33Z","timestamp":1782712173000},"page":"1418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First Report of Bergeyella zoohelcum Associated with Hemorrhagic Pneumonia in Forest Musk Deer (Moschus berezovskii): Evidence from Bacterial Culture, 16S rRNA Sequencing, and Metagenomic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Feiran","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6234-9713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7871-1641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3047-1474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108542","article-title":"Co-infection of H9N2 influenza virus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributes to the development of hemorrhagic pneumonia in mink","volume":"240","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. 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