{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:17:35Z","timestamp":1785421055608,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation Project of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region","award":["2024AAC02028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AAC02028"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32460902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32460902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32460902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32460902"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cultivation Project for Leading Talents in Science and Technology Innovation of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region","award":["2021GKLRLX10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GKLRLX10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus faecium is an opportunistic pathogen. Its resistance and virulence genes can spread through the food chain, posing risks to public health. This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance and genomic characteristics of MDR E. faecium isolated from milk samples from cows with mastitis in Ningxia between 2019 and 2024. From 2019 to 2024, 1341 milk samples were collected in Yinchuan, Yinnan, and Yinbei. MDR E. faecium was identified using plate screening, mass spectrometry, broth microdilution, and hemolysis detection. Whole-genome sequencing enabled SNP, MLST, pan-genome, and COG analyses, focusing on ARGs and MGEs. MRPP, AMOVA and PCoA were applied to compare gene communities and identify driver genes. Ninety-one E. faecium strains were isolated. Resistance to florfenicol, ceftiofur, and chloramphenicol exceeded 60%, while resistance to vancomycin and linezolid showed an overall increasing trend over the study period. Phylogenetic clustering revealed two subtypes, three clades, and 10 novel STs. Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations among the resistance genes optrA, cfr(A), and vanF. Antibiotic resistance, particularly MDR, increased over time, and strains carried diverse ARGs and MGEs. Overall, strengthened surveillance of mastitis-derived E. faecium is warranted to support the control of bovine mastitis and safeguard public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14071424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T15:27:37Z","timestamp":1782746857000},"page":"1424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology, Phenotypic and Genomic Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus Faecium Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Ningxia, China (2019\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5248-6083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yarui","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources with Western Characteristics, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources with Western Characteristics, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixin","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources with Western Characteristics, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8292-0192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources with Western Characteristics, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources with Western Characteristics, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7704-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonglin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources with Western Characteristics, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongtao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources with Western Characteristics, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuezhang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources with Western Characteristics, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5","article-title":"The WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List 2024: A prioritisation study to guide research, development, and public health strategies against antimicrobial resistance","volume":"25","author":"Sati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuaf057","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaf057","article-title":"Resistance to last-resort antibiotics in enterococci","volume":"49","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaf506","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf506","article-title":"A 5-year epidemiological study of monomicrobial enterococcal bloodstream infection in a population-based cohort","volume":"12","author":"Bayless","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, S., Silva, V., Dapkevicius, M.L.E., Igrejas, G., and Poeta, P. (2020). Enterococci, from harmless bacteria to a pathogen. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202007.0393.v1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2009.00633.x","article-title":"PCR-based plasmid typing in Enterococcus faecium strains reveals widely distributed pRE25, pRUM, pIP501 and pHT\u03b2 related replicons associated with glycopeptide resistance and stabilizing toxin-antitoxin systems","volume":"58","author":"Rosvoll","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0017721","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00177-21","article-title":"Let me upgrade you: Impact of mobile genetic elements on enterococcal adaptation and evolution","volume":"203","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0028925","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00289-25","article-title":"Comparative and functional genomic analysis of foreign DNA defense mechanisms in Enterococcus faecium","volume":"13","author":"Krause","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gajewska, J., Chaj\u0119cka-Wierzchowska, W., Byczkowska-Rostkowska, Z., and Saki, M. (2023). Biofilm formation capacity and presence of virulence determinants among Enterococcus species from milk and raw milk cheeses. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020495"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzman Prieto, A.M., van Schaik, W., Rogers, M.R.C., Coque, T.M., Baquero, F., Corander, J., and Willems, R.J.L. (2016). Global emergence and dissemination of enterococci as nosocomial pathogens: Attack of the clones?. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00788"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2024-0024","article-title":"Enterococci as a One Health indicator of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"70","author":"Zaidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro Marques, J., Coelho, M., Santana, A.R., Pinto, D., and Semedo-Lemsaddek, T. (2023). Dissemination of enterococcal genetic lineages: A One Health perspective. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12071140"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2325","article-title":"Research on the biological characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis in dairy cow mastitis in Ningxia","volume":"56","author":"Qiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Zootech. Sin."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300633","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.23.2300633","article-title":"Surveillance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci reveals shift in dominating clusters from vanA to vanB Enterococcus faecium clusters, Denmark, 2015 to 2022","volume":"29","author":"Hammerum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guaita, A., Paterlini, F., Posante, A., Boldini, M., Rolfi, C., and Daminelli, P. (2025). Ten-year monitoring of bovine mastitis-causing bacteria in Northern Italy and evaluation of antimicrobial resistance in raw milk. Microorganisms, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010046"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paschoalini, B.R., Nu\u00f1ez, K.V.M., Maffei, J.T., Langoni, H., Guimar\u00e3es, F.F., Gebara, C., Freitas, N.E., Dos Santos, M.V., Fidelis, C.E., and Kappes, R. (2023). The emergence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence characteristics in Enterococcus species isolated from bovine milk. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081243"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almansour, A., Alhadlaq, M., Alzahrani, K., Mukhtar, L., Alharbi, A., and Alajel, S. (2023). The silent threat: Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in food-producing animals and their impact on public health. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11092127"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazzola, A., Ceccarani, C., Castiglioni, B., Biscarini, F., Morandi, S., Silvetti, T., Piccinini, R., Brasca, M., and Cremonesi, P. (2025). Nisin A-producing Lactococcus cremoris formulations for pre-and post-milking teat disinfection modulate the bovine milk microbiota. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04483-8"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, S., and Lee, Y.J. (2021). Molecular characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from bulk tank milk in Korea. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030661"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3980","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i9.5","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in mastitis-causing bacteria: Exploring antibiotic-resistance genes, underlying mechanisms, and their implications for dairy animal and public health","volume":"15","author":"Kazemzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0198021","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01980-21","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. isolated from a beef processing plant and retail ground beef","volume":"9","author":"Holman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dlac126","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac126","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Enterococcus species isolated from laying hens in Lusaka and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia: A call for AMR surveillance in the poultry sector","volume":"4","author":"Mudenda","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32569-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene profiles of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis milk and cow dung","volume":"16","author":"Khasapane","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bovine milk derived Enterococcus in Ningxia","volume":"52","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Northwest A F Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.102","article-title":"Using SPAdes de novo assembler","volume":"70","author":"Prjibelski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nageeb, W.M., and Hetta, H.F. (2023). Pangenome analysis of Corynebacterium striatum: Insights into a neglected multidrug-resistant pathogen. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02996-6"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00534-13","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00534-13","article-title":"Emergence of epidemic multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium from animal and commensal strains","volume":"4","author":"Lebreton","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2023). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, CLSI. [33rd ed.]. CLSI supplement M100."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2024). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters, Version 14.0, EUCAST. Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"001573","article-title":"Global epidemiological insights on the antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus faecium and a genomic analysis framework","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-023-01373-x","article-title":"Molecular dynamics simulation of pyruvate kinase to investigate improved thermostability of artificially selected strain in Enterococcus faecium","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes. Genom."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-6","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing mecC in Swedish dairy cows","volume":"55","author":"Unnerstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0039","article-title":"High phenotypic and genotypic diversity of Enterococcus faecium from clinical and commensal isolates in third level hospital","volume":"26","author":"Cevallos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2025.104736","article-title":"Occurrence, molecular characterization and tolerance of Cronobacter spp. isolated from fermented corn products in China","volume":"128","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho, M.C., Malcata, F.X., and Silva, C.C.G. (2022). Lactic acid bacteria in raw-milk cheeses: From starter cultures to probiotic functions. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11152276"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10834-5","article-title":"Enterococcus species identified by MALDI-TOF MS in milk from dairy cow mastitis cases and herd surveys","volume":"49","author":"Ulloa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10773-1","article-title":"Occurrence of mastitis pathogens in cow\u2018s milk samples from the Hanover region, north-western Germany\u2014An overview of routine laboratory data from 2005 to 2023","volume":"49","author":"Jessberger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01058-6","article-title":"Enterococcus faecium: Evolution, adaptation, pathogenesis and emerging therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011425","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00114-25","article-title":"The transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between evolutionarily distant bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Lund","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348695","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3348695","article-title":"The spread of antibiotic resistance genes in vivo model","volume":"2022","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12858-w","article-title":"IS6 family insertion sequences promote optrA dissemination between plasmids varying in transfer abilities","volume":"108","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6978","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03648-14","article-title":"Enterococcus faecium PBP5-S\/R, the missing link between PBP5-S and PBP5-R","volume":"58","author":"Pietta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanderson, H., Ortega-Polo, R., Zaheer, R., Goji, N., Amoako, K.K., Brown, R.S., Majury, A., Liss, S.N., and McAllister, T.A. (2020). Comparative genomics of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater treatment plants. BMC Microbiol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1683-4"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz092","article-title":"LRE-Finder, a web tool for detection of the 23S rRNA mutations and the optrA, cfr, cfr(B) and poxtA genes encoding linezolid resistance in enterococci from whole-genome sequences","volume":"74","author":"Hasman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab408","article-title":"Linezolid-resistant Enterococcus gallinarum isolate of swine origin carrying cfr, optrA and poxtA genes","volume":"77","author":"Coccitto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-020-00385-z","article-title":"First report of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus harboring mecC gene in milk samples from cows with mastitis in southeastern Brazil","volume":"51","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morroni, G., Brenciani, A., Antonelli, A., D\u2019Andrea, M.M., Di Pilato, V., Fioriti, S., Mingoia, M., Vignaroli, C., Cirioni, O., and Biavasco, F. (2018). Characterization of a multiresistance plasmid carrying the optrA and cfr resistance genes from an Enterococcus faecium clinical isolate. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02189"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad142","article-title":"Co-occurrence of multiple plasmid-borne linezolid resistance genes-optrA, cfr, poxtA2 and cfr(D) in an Enterococcus faecalis isolate from retail meat","volume":"78","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"e001598","article-title":"IS1216 drives the evolution of pRUM-like multidrug resistance plasmids in Enterococcus faecium","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab393","article-title":"Genomic analysis of 600 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium reveals a high prevalence of ST80 and spread of similar vanA regions via IS1216E and plasmid transfer in diverse genetic lineages in Ireland","volume":"77","author":"Egan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2023.104046","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and the emergence of new sequence types associated with hospital infection","volume":"174","author":"Leong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2024.05.011","article-title":"Draft genome sequences of clinical mastitis-associated Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium carrying multiple antimicrobial resistance genes isolated from dairy cows","volume":"38","author":"Rahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42838-z","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and whole genome sequencing of novel sequence types of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus durans isolated from livestock","volume":"13","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168683","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology, phenotypic and genomic characterization of antibiotic-resistant enterococcal isolates from diverse farm animals in Xinjiang, China","volume":"912","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gi\u00e3o, J., Le\u00e3o, C., Albuquerque, T., Clemente, L., and Amaro, A. (2022). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus isolates from cattle and pigs in Portugal: Linezolid resistance genes optrA and poxtA. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050615"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00318-11","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00318-11","article-title":"Comparative genomics of enterococci: Variation in Enterococcus faecalis, clade structure in E. faecium, and defining characteristics of E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus","volume":"3","author":"Palmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Schaik, W., Top, J., Riley, D.R., Boekhorst, J., Vrijenhoek, J.E.P., Schapendonk, C.M.E., Hendrickx, A.P.A., Nijman, I.J., Bonten, M.J.M., and Tettelin, H. (2010). Pyrosequencing-based comparative genome analysis of the nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecium and identification of a large transferable pathogenicity island. BMC Genom., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-239"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00529-12","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of Enterococcus faecium strain LCT-EF90","volume":"194","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/7\/1424\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T09:10:43Z","timestamp":1783588243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/7\/1424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14071424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14071424","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]}}}