{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:48:25Z","timestamp":1785433705474,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011785","name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Guike ZY24212001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guike ZY24212001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011785","name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Guike XT2503960022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guike XT2503960022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Guike ZY24212001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guike ZY24212001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dhpdx54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Guike XT2503960022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guike XT2503960022"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dhpdx54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbiologically induced concrete corrosion (MICC) poses a severe challenge to the long-term durability of infrastructure, particularly in sewer networks and marine environments, which is driven by microbial metabolic activities that attack cement hydrates (Ca(OH)2, C-S-H) mainly caused by biogenic sulfuric acid (from sulfur-oxidizing bacteria) or organic acids (from fungi), converting them into expansive gypsum and ettringite, and then cause cracking and spalling. This article reviews advances in mechanisms, key microorganisms, and protection strategies of MICC to enhance our understanding of MICC and provide a guideline for effective protection. The corrosion mechanisms differ by environment: sewers exhibit three-stage pH-driven succession, marine biofilms can either accelerate or inhibit corrosion, while fungi dominate in agricultural and historical settings. Core functional microorganisms involved in MICC include sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB), sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), and acid-producing fungi (AF), following pH-dependent succession, while indicator microorganisms for protection efficacy include typical SOB, SRB, and AF that are involved in MICC, as well as general antimicrobial indicator strains (e.g., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) which are used only to assess broad antimicrobial activity and do not represent MICC-specific resistance. Multi-scale deterioration proceeds from microstructural decalcification and pore coarsening to macroscopic mass loss and compressive strength reduction. Protection strategies are categorized into: (i) corrosion-resistant materials (e.g., calcium aluminate cement and alkali-activated materials), (ii) antimicrobial additives (e.g., nano-ZnO and Cu2O), (iii) surface coatings (e.g., superhydrophobic coatings and electrodeposited Cu\/Cu2O layers), and (iv) ecological regulation. However, significant gaps remain between laboratory efficacy and field performance, highlighting the need for long-term validation, multi-scale characterization, intelligent responsive materials, eco-compatible protection systems, and standardized microbial exposure systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14071425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T15:27:37Z","timestamp":1782746857000},"page":"1425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbiologically Induced Concrete Corrosion: Mechanisms, Key Microorganisms, and Protection Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8310-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengxun","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Laboratory of Oceanography, Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congtao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Laboratory of Oceanography, Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-Fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117813","article-title":"Microbiologically induced corrosion of concrete in sewer structures: A review of the mechanisms and phenomena","volume":"239","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. 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