{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:19:40Z","timestamp":1785435580364,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82571088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82571088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82571088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82571088"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Capital\u2019s Funds for Health Improvement and Research","award":["2024-1-2141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-1-2141"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University Young Scientist Program","award":["YSP202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSP202301"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs), including preterm birth, preeclampsia, low birth weight, recurrent miscarriage, gestational diabetes mellitus, and fetal growth restriction, remain major threats to maternal and offspring health. Increasing evidence links the maternal microbiome to pregnancy health, but most studies have examined individual microbial niches rather than their interactions. The oral cavity and gut are anatomically and immunologically connected and form a bidirectional oral\u2013gut microbiota axis through microbial trafficking, immune signaling, and metabolite-mediated feedback. Emerging studies suggested that oral dysbiosis, periodontal inflammation, and gut microbial remodeling were associated with APOs, although direct causal evidence in human pregnancy remains limited. This review summarizes pregnancy-related remodeling of the oral\u2013gut microbiota axis, evaluates clinical and experimental evidence linking oral and gut dysbiosis to APOs, and discusses potential mechanisms, including microbial translocation, immune and inflammatory activation, metabolic remodeling, epigenetic regulation, and outer membrane vesicle-mediated signaling. Candidate biomarkers, probiotic and dietary intervention strategies, and current translational limitations are also discussed. Overall, the oral\u2013gut microbiota axis offers a useful framework for understanding microbiome-associated APOs, but standardized sampling, longitudinal cohorts, and mechanistic validation are required before clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14071453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:41:38Z","timestamp":1782909698000},"page":"1453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanisms of the Oral\u2013Gut Microbiota Axis in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yijia","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4998-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology, Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"833","article-title":"Life\u2019s Essential 8 and cardiovascular disease in women with a history of adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. 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