{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:42:41Z","timestamp":1785436961186,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52478078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52478078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52478078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52478078"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Chongqing Housing and Urban Rural Construction Commission","award":["2024-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-21"]}]},{"name":"New Chongqing Youth Innovation Talent Project","award":["CSTB2025YITP-QCRCX0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2025YITP-QCRCX0023"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Program Project for Master's Degree Students of Chongqing University of Science and Technology","award":["YKJCX2520720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKJCX2520720"]}]},{"award":["YKJCX2520720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKJCX2520720"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03n3v6d52","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inadequate ventilation in university dormitories risks microbial exposure, but its association with pathogen prevalence in dust across indoor surfaces remains unclear. In this study, we monitored nocturnal air exchange rates (AERs) over a year in dormitory rooms and collected settled dust samples from beds, desks, and floors across four seasons. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) priority bacterial and fungal pathogen lists, 34 pathogenic species were initially identified from gene sequencing data. We built multivariate regression models to evaluate the associations of daily cumulative ventilation status before dust sampling with the distribution of these pathogens. The results indicated a low compliance rate (AER \u2265 0.7 h\u22121, 43.2\u201352.1%) for ventilation in the dormitories. Fusarium and Acremonium were detected in most samples (92.3\u201399.5%). The modulatory effect of nighttime cumulative ventilation varied heavily across pathogen species and surface types. The relative abundance of Candida tropicalis on bed dust exhibited a stable negative correlation with long-term cumulative AER (\u03b2: \u22120.42 to \u22120.50), whereas the relative abundance of Salmonella correlated positively with higher AERs. This study demonstrates that ventilation is not a universal pathogen-control measure, revealing its temporal cumulative characteristics and spatial heterogeneity of ventilation in modulating indoor pathogens, and provides a theoretical foundation for implementing precision ventilation strategies in university dormitory environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14071521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T07:28:27Z","timestamp":1783927707000},"page":"1521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of Indoor Nighttime Ventilation with the Relative Abundances of Typical Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi in Settled Dusts from Floor, Desk, and Bed of University Dormitories"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1016-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wangjin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinze","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Research Institute of Beijing University of Technology, Chongqing 401100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01077-3","article-title":"The indoors microbiome and human health","volume":"22","author":"Gilbert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500165","article-title":"The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): A resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants","volume":"11","author":"Klepeis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiyoshi, S., Tanaka, D., and Maruyama, F. (2017). Transmission of Airborne Bacteria across Built Environments and Its Measurement Standards: A Review. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02336"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.053","article-title":"A review on recent progress in observations, and health effects of bioaerosols","volume":"118","author":"Humbal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2015.07.004","article-title":"Evaluation of exposure-response relationships for health effects of microbial bioaerosols\u2014A systematic review","volume":"218","author":"Walser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X251344138","article-title":"Dwelling features and occupants\u2019 behaviours as predictors of airborne fungi contamination levels in overcrowded dormitories: A case study in Shanghai, China","volume":"34","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indoor Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2922","article-title":"Aerosol transmission is an important mode of influenza A virus spread","volume":"4","author":"Cowling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105730","article-title":"Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality","volume":"139","author":"Morawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tellier, R., Li, Y., Cowling, B.J., and Tang, J.W. (2019). Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: A commentary. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3707-y"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2024.12.008","article-title":"A review of airborne microorganism transmission and control in household indoor air","volume":"97","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.11.027","article-title":"Indoor bioaerosols and asthma: Overview, implications, and mitigation strategies","volume":"155","author":"Dannemiller","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E74","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00003-4","article-title":"WHO publish fungal priority pathogens list","volume":"4","author":"Burki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5","article-title":"The WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List 2024: A prioritisation study to guide research, development, and public health strategies against antimicrobial resistance","volume":"25","author":"Satin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12677","article-title":"Associations between respiratory infections and bacterial microbiome in student dormitories in Northern China","volume":"30","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.113056","article-title":"Indoor and outdoor bioaerosol distributions and concentration profiles during different seasons and pollution events in Qingdao city","volume":"279","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Li, X., Zhao, S., Wang, Q., Wang, S., Yu, L., and Wang, F. (2024). Evaluation of Air Quality and Thermal Comfort in University Dormitories in China. Atmosphere, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15050586"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s12273-022-0945-5","article-title":"A preliminary study on volatile organic compounds and odor in university dormitories: Situation, contribution, and correlation","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Build. Simul."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X15586443","article-title":"Indoor environmental quality of high occupancy dormitory buildings in winter in Shanghai, China","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indoor Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108438","article-title":"Effect of the passive natural ventilation on the bioaerosol in a small room","volume":"207","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123431","article-title":"An air distribution optimization of hospital wards for minimizing cross-infection","volume":"279","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128978","article-title":"Optimized mechanism for fast removal of infectious pathogen-laden aerosols in the negative-pressure unit","volume":"435","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.113499","article-title":"Removal of culturable airborne bacteria and fungi by natural ventilation in greenhouse environments across three growth stages","volume":"284","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6282","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c00688","article-title":"Insights into the Profile of the Human Expiratory Microbiota and Its Associations with Indoor Microbiotas","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2024.112420","article-title":"Wind tunnel experiments on bioaerosol dispersion and exposure risk assessment in wastewater treatment plants under natural ventilation","volume":"269","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.11.012","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in a boarding school: Serological analysis of 1570 cases","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103090","article-title":"Study on ventilation rates and assessment of infection risks of COVID-19 in an outpatient building","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.01.030","article-title":"Air change rates at night in northeast Chinese homes","volume":"132","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.06.010","article-title":"Effects of gender and dormitory environment on sick building syndrome symptoms among college students in Tianjin, China","volume":"68","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Zhang, J., Cheng, Y., Weng, X., Yin, R., Guo, L., and Cheng, Z. (2024). A Method to Optimize Dormitory Environments Based on Personnel Behavior Regulation. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14072111"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145983","article-title":"Spread of respiratory infections in student dormitories in China","volume":"777","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.08.1061","article-title":"Test on Ventilation Rates of Dormitories and Offices in University by the CO2 Tracer Gas Method","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.03.010","article-title":"Associations of dwelling characteristics, home dampness, and lifestyle behaviors with indoor airborne culturable fungi: On-site inspection in 454 Shanghai residences","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.10.636","article-title":"Differences between infants and adults in the social aetiology of wheeze. The ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood","volume":"53","author":"Baker","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.04.003","article-title":"Family and home characteristics correlate with mold in homes","volume":"124","author":"Reponen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2024.111194","article-title":"Indoor environment in Sri Lankan university dormitories: Associations with ocular, nasal, throat and dermal symptoms, headache, and fatigue among students","volume":"251","author":"Marasinghe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00614.x","article-title":"Dampness in dorm rooms and its associations with allergy and airways infections among college students in China: A cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70133","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70133","article-title":"Impact of Ventilation on Respiratory Virus Transmission in College Residence Hall Cohorts: Potential for Causal Inference About Mode of Transmission","volume":"19","author":"Gold","year":"2025","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., and Sundell, J. (2011). In China, Students in Crowded Dormitories with a Low Ventilation Rate Have More Common Colds: Evidence for Airborne Transmission. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027140"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105537","article-title":"Ventilation and laboratory confirmed acute respiratory infection (ARI) rates in college residence halls in College Park, Maryland","volume":"137","author":"Shengwei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.03.006","article-title":"Measurement of ventilation and airborne infection risk in large naturally ventilated hospital wards","volume":"65","author":"Gilkeson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04203","article-title":"Diversity of DNA and RNA Viruses in Indoor Air As Assessed via Metagenomic Sequencing","volume":"52","author":"Rosario","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Liu, M., Zhou, D., Ma, Z., Chen, L., Wu, D., Diao, H., Wang, W., Li, D., and Zhen, Q. (2024). Environmental factors and particle size shape the community structure of airborne total and pathogenic bacteria in a university campus. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1371656"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1080\/23744731.2021.1948762","article-title":"Evaluation of Infection Risk for SARS-CoV-2 Transmission on University Campuses","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2014.06.001","article-title":"Reduction and characterization of bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment station via ventilation","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2010.00703.x","article-title":"Ventilation rates and health: Multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature","volume":"21","author":"Sundell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X13481786","article-title":"Ventilation rates in European office buildings: A review","volume":"23","author":"Dimitroulopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indoor Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2019.1676395","article-title":"Bioaerosol field measurements: Challenges and perspectives in outdoor studies","volume":"54","author":"Sikoparija","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36986-z","article-title":"Indoor air surveillance and factors associated with respiratory pathogen detection in community settings in Belgium","volume":"1","author":"Raymenants","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.09.001","article-title":"Ten questions concerning the microbiomes of buildings","volume":"109","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2023.113363","article-title":"Comparative analysis of CO2 tracer gas methods for the measurement of air change rates in student dormitory rooms with open\/closed window statuses","volume":"296","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2022). Standard for Indoor Air Quality (Standard No. GB\/T 18883-2022)."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-7039-6","article-title":"Denitrifying sulfide removal process on high-salinity wastewaters in the presence of Halomonas sp","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.28","article-title":"Dispersal in microbes: Fungi in indoor air are dominated by outdoor air and show dispersal limitation at short distances","volume":"7","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109841","article-title":"Quantitative risk assessment for bacterial community in residential kitchens","volume":"228","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168230","article-title":"Participant-collected household dust for assessing microorganisms and semi-volatile organic compounds in urban homes","volume":"908","author":"Jarma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.113176","article-title":"Mold severity and fungal communities in university dormitories: The role of building characteristics and living habits","volume":"280","author":"Lai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108229","article-title":"Investigation of fungal contamination in urban houses with children in six major Chinese cities: Genus and concentration characteristics","volume":"205","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12261","article-title":"Fungal compositions and diversities on indoor surfaces with visible mold growths in residential buildings in the Seoul Capital Area of South Korea","volume":"26","author":"An","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12857","article-title":"Indoor air quality assessment in dwellings with different ventilation strategies in Nunavik and impacts on bacterial and fungal microbiota","volume":"31","author":"Jodelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.10.086","article-title":"Microbiological characterization of 3193 French dwellings of Elfe cohort children","volume":"505","author":"Rocchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.108863","article-title":"Occupants contribute to pathogens and probiotics in indoor environments","volume":"213","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2023.110335","article-title":"Operation of air conditioners affects the microbial pathogenic potential in bedrooms: A metagenomics and culture-dependent study","volume":"239","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11732","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b07623","article-title":"Airborne Bacteria in Outdoor Air and Air of Mechanically Ventilated Buildings at City Scale in Hong Kong across Seasons","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200306-760OC","article-title":"Detection of airborne rhinovirus and its relation to outdoor air supply in office environments","volume":"169","author":"Myatt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c07763","article-title":"Community-Scale Wastewater Surveillance of Candida auris during an Ongoing Outbreak in Southern Nevada","volume":"57","author":"Barber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160445","article-title":"Comparison of airborne bacteria and fungi in different built environments in selected cities in five climate zones of China","volume":"860","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.06.039","article-title":"Concentration and determinants of molds and allergens in indoor air and house dust of French dwellings","volume":"536","author":"Dallongeville","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Y., Zhou, Y., Chang, Y., Liang, X., Zhang, H., Lin, X., Qing, K., Zhou, X., and Luo, Z. (2022). The Effects of Ventilation, Humidity, and Temperature on Bacterial Growth and Bacterial Genera Distribution. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215345"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2024.111651","article-title":"Source tracing the bedroom bacteria across different climate zones in China during the heating season","volume":"259","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, C., Wang, X., and Pecoraro, L. (2022). Environmental Factors Shaping the Diversity and Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Indoor and Outdoor Culturable Airborne Fungal Communities in Tianjin University Campus, Tianjin, China. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.928921"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102367","article-title":"The impact of airflow and air purification on the resuspension and removal of deposited particulate matter","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106669","article-title":"Residential airborne culturable fungi under general living scenario: On-site investigation in 12 typical cities, China","volume":"155","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weikl, F., Tischer, C., Probst, A.J., Heinrich, J., Markevych, I., Jochner, S., and Pritsch, K. (2016). Fungal and Bacterial Communities in Indoor Dust Follow Different Environmental Determinants. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154131"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/7\/1521\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:13:21Z","timestamp":1784088801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/7\/1521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14071521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14071521","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]}}}