{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:15:14Z","timestamp":1785413714827,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNRR-POC-2023-12\u2009377\u2009354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-POC-2023-12\u2009377\u2009354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PNRR-POC-2023-12\u2009377\u2009354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-POC-2023-12\u2009377\u2009354"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00789fa95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Recent scientific evidence indicates that the oral\u2013gut axis represents a critical interface in host\u2013microbiota interactions, carrying profound implications for both periodontal and gastrointestinal diseases. This scoping review aims to evaluate the reciprocal influence between periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Specifically, the underlying mechanisms of microbial translocation, immune interaction, and metabolite-mediated signaling linking the oral microbiota to gut microbial ecology are critically evaluated. Methods: Studies were selected from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to May 2026. Eligible criteria included in vivo studies written in English and conducted within the last 10 years, whereas human studies involving participants under 18 years of age were excluded. The included studies analyze the effects of oral and gut dysbiosis on the opposing district. Through the database search, 2094 records were identified, and 34 articles were selected based on the eligibility criteria. Results: The included studies demonstrate the interconnection between the oral and gut microbiota. The included studies reveal that predominant oral taxa, specifically Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, alter intestinal microbial composition. In particular, P. gingivalis colonizes the gut, exacerbating both oral and intestinal inflammation by stimulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression via Th17 cell activation. Finally, salivary microbial composition appears to be associated with the presence and status of IBD. Conclusions: Understanding these interconnected microbial ecosystems provides valuable insights that may support the future development of integrated diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients suffering from periodontitis and IBD. Further large-scale studies with longer follow-up periods are required to standardize potential salivary markers and multidisciplinary therapeutic protocols for the management of periodontitis and IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14071551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T01:05:07Z","timestamp":1784163907000},"page":"1551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revisiting the Oral\u2013Gut Axis: Microbial Symbiosis, Dysbiosis, and Bidirectional Links Between Periodontitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Di Gregorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Periodontology, Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6717-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Polizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Periodontology, Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"International Research Center on Periodontal and Systemic Health \u201cPerioHealth\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7131-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia Maria","family":"Marmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Periodontology, Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3231-0704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Angjelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Periodontology, Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Jovanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Periodontology, Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2607-2734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Campagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for the Promotion of Human Science and Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma University, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7304-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Mascitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4267-6992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Isola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Periodontology, Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"International Research Center on Periodontal and Systemic Health \u201cPerioHealth\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-023-03162-0","article-title":"Periodontitis and progression of gastrointestinal cancer: Current knowledge and future perspective","volume":"25","author":"Nasiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. 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