{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:24:06Z","timestamp":1785425046609,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003009","name":"Science and Technology Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["49090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["49090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["49090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["49090"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/044vr6g03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is a globally prevalent zoonotic parasite with major public health and veterinary impacts. In Egypt, One Health data on its distribution among blood donors and livestock are limited. This multicentric cross-sectional study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among asymptomatic blood donors and livestock across six different Egyptian governorates and to identify the associated risk factors. Serum samples of 2000 asymptomatic blood donors and 500 animals (cattle and buffaloes) were tested for anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies using ELISA. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Overall IgG seroprevalence in blood donors was 41.8%, with IgM seropositivity at 2.1%. Significant regional variation was observed (p &lt; 0.001), ranging from 66.5% in Alexandria to 16% in Cairo. The most significant risk factors were consumption of undercooked meat, contact with cats, and engagement in agricultural activities (p &lt; 0.001). Among livestock, IgG and IgM seroprevalence were 7.2% and 5.2%, respectively, indicating active parasite circulation. The presence of seropositivity among apparently healthy donors raises concerns regarding transfusion safety. These findings highlight substantial and regionally heterogeneous Toxoplasma gondii exposure in Egypt. A One Health approach integrating public health education, food safety measures, and targeted screening of high-risk populations and animals is essential to reduce disease burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T01:26:23Z","timestamp":1785115583000},"page":"1627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii in Egyptian Blood Donors and Livestock: Seroprevalence, Risk Factors, and One Health Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1723-6792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa A.","family":"Gouda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Parasitology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar M.","family":"Selim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Parasitology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3264-1887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman Fathi","family":"Fadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Attia","family":"Elmorsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya Abdallah","family":"Seleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5137-0058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hany M.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reda Abdel Latif","family":"Ibrahem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yomna Mohamed","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Parasitology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kholoud Adel","family":"Alsawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa Adel A.","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8895-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled A.","family":"Abd El-Razik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab Ali","family":"Fouad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonosis, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman L.","family":"Shehata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tameem M. A.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0017-5348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shrouq Moustafa","family":"Tolba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6619-6016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona Wagdy","family":"Ayad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9792-0075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaimaa A.","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Parasitology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4274\/tpd.galenos.2023.38039","article-title":"An overview of one health concept focusing on toxoplasmosis","volume":"47","author":"Sohel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk. 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