{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:03:50Z","timestamp":1785323030030,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU Horizon 2020","award":["H2020-347874850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-347874850"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in young children. HRSV cases declined dramatically in the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by a resurgence in 2022\/2023. To investigate patterns of viral genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics during this period, HRSV sequences were analyzed at national and global levels, including newly sequenced samples from pediatric patients at a major Florida medical center in Alachua County. Our Florida strains clustered within multiple clades, with no clear association between specific clades and clinical or epidemiologic characteristics. Phylodynamic analyses suggested post-pandemic changes in HRSV-A and HRSV-B population dynamics, while phylogeographic patterns were compatible with possible viral introductions from European countries. We also detected amino acid diversity in known G-protein epitope regions, indicating a genetic variation in antigenically relevant sites. These findings suggest that post-pandemic HRSV circulation was associated with changes in viral population dynamics and genetic diversity, emphasizing the value of continued genomic surveillance to monitor viral evolution and support future prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:13:47Z","timestamp":1785320027000},"page":"1656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic Diversity of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV) Type A in a Pediatric Cohort in the United States After the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0261-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciane Amorim","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Gon\u00e7alo Moniz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil"},{"name":"Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Salvador 40290-000, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4020-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Gustani-Buss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2327-3557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matt D. T.","family":"Hitchings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Iovine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Office of Infection Control, UFHealth, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0144-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie N.","family":"Cash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose L.","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9095-5860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laise","family":"de Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Gon\u00e7alo Moniz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2826-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Lemey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4069-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Lednicky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-1984","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"John Glenn","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0136-2102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Salemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(1996). 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