{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:02:37Z","timestamp":1785423757034,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Henan Province Science and Technology Tackling Key Projects","award":["262102321126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262102321126"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province Science and Technology Tackling Key Projects","award":["262102310423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262102310423"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016331","name":"Cultivation Fund for National Scientific Research Projects of Huanghuai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XKPY-2025013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XKPY-2025013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["XKPY-2025013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XKPY-2025013"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k92ks68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Qinghai Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Special Project","award":["2025-NK-112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-NK-112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the interactive pathogenic characteristics of co-infection with Streptococcus equi (S. equi) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (S. dysgalactiae) isolated from diseased foals. Integrating genomic analysis, in vitro phenotypic assays, and a murine intranasal infection model, we comparatively analyzed the biological traits and pathogenic differences between single and dual infections. Comparative genomic analysis revealed divergent virulence profiles between the two isolates, and both species harbored open pan-genomes. In vitro, the biofilm biomass of strain F1 was higher than that of all other groups. No synergistic hemolytic activity was observed in co-cultures of the two isolates. In vivo infection results indicated that streptococcal infection significantly altered the structure and abundance of pulmonary microbiota in mice. Furthermore, single and dual infections displayed strain-specific and time-dependent microbial disparities at early and late infection stages, which were associated with differential enrichment of multiple immune- and metabolism-related Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, including the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Notably, co-infection triggered the most severe pulmonary microbiota dysbiosis and aberrant functional pathway regulation. This study preliminarily characterized the distinct phenotypic and pathological alterations induced by dual streptococcal infection, providing experimental evidence and novel insights for further exploring the interactive features of equine streptococcal mixed infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:55:11Z","timestamp":1785419711000},"page":"1674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct Host and Bacterial Profiles in Murine Single Versus Co-Infection with Foal-Isolated Streptococcus equi and Streptococcus dysgalactiae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Xian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonoses Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3260-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ge-Jin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonoses Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Liang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Shuobo Animal Husbandry Service Co., Ltd., Tangshan 063500, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang-Hui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Jun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonoses Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Can","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru-Han","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao-Jie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Tong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Zheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Feng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Ying","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Xining 810003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2144-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling-Wei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonoses Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6865-4786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106070","article-title":"Strangles in equines: An 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