{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:58:07Z","timestamp":1785560287041,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R &amp; D Program of China","award":["2024YFD1200203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFD1200203"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007471","name":"Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202401AS070141, 202603AS090012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202401AS070141, 202603AS090012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007471","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Professional Degree Graduate Practical Innovation Foundation of Yunnan University","award":["ZC-252513695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZC-252513695"]}]},{"award":["ZC-252513695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZC-252513695"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040axw97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sporulation is essential for asexual reproduction and dispersal in filamentous fungi, but the roles of upstream sporulation regulators in nematode-trapping (NT) fungi remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized two Flb homologs, AoFlbB and AoFlbD, in Arthrobotrys oligospora. AoFlbB contains a bZIP-type domain, whereas AoFlbD contains a Myb-like DNA-binding domain, and both proteins are conserved among NT fungi. Deleting AoflbB or AoflbD had little effect on hyphal growth but markedly reduced spore production and altered spore germination, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that the central sporulation regulators were significantly differently expressed, collectively indicating that AoFlbB and AoFlbD play positive roles in sporulation. Furthermore, both mutants produced more traps and showed enhanced nematode predation efficiency. The mutants also showed altered cell wall stress responses, hyphal cell length, nuclear number, endocytic trafficking, and metabolite profiles. The \u0394AoflbB mutant showed irregular cell wall wrinkling, whereas the \u0394AoflbD mutant displayed increased vesicle-like structures and accelerated FM4-64 uptake. Extracellular protease activity was comparable to the WT in \u0394AoflbB but reduced in \u0394AoflbD. Transcriptomic analysis of \u0394AoflbD showed that the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in metabolism-related pathways. These findings indicate that AoFlbB and AoFlbD promote sporulation and contribute to the coordination of asexual reproduction and trap formation in A. oligospora.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:55:11Z","timestamp":1785419711000},"page":"1676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional Characterization of AoFlbB and AoFlbD Reveals Their Roles in Sporulation and Trap Formation in Arthrobotrys oligospora"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Innovative Application for Green Biological Production, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Innovative Application for Green Biological Production, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Innovative Application for Green Biological Production, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiyan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Innovative Application for Green Biological Production, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Innovative Application for Green Biological Production, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuehui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Innovative Application for Green Biological Production, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meichen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Innovative Application for Green Biological Production, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3106-2189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinkui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Innovative Application for Green Biological Production, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pires, D., Vicente, C.S.L., Men\u00e9ndez, E., Faria, J.M.S., Rusinque, L., Camacho, M.J., and In\u00e1cio, M.L. 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