{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:41:22Z","timestamp":1790980882361,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":245,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009620","name":"Science and Technology Plan Project of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22YF7FG188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YF7FG188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009620","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009620","name":"Science and Technology Plan Project of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25YFFG001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25YFFG001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009620","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012843","name":"Hexi University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYQD2024010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYQD2024010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["KYQD2024010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYQD2024010"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02axfzt86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wastewater treatment is undergoing a transition from pollutant removal toward resource recovery, creating opportunities to integrate environmental remediation with circular bioeconomy principles. Filamentous algae have attracted increasing attention as multifunctional biological platforms because their attached growth habit facilitates biomass harvesting while supporting nutrient recovery and biomass valorization. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the roles of filamentous algae in wastewater treatment, with emphasis on nutrient and contaminant removal, biomass production, and the generation of bioenergy, biofertilizers, aquafeeds, and cellulose-based biomaterials. It highlights how filamentous algae differ from conventional suspended microalgae through improved biomass retention, simpler harvesting, and compatibility with attached-growth systems such as algal turf scrubbers and biofilm reactors. The review also examines the ecological interactions between filamentous algae and associated microbial communities that underpin nutrient cycling and treatment performance. Beyond wastewater treatment, it critically evaluates the opportunities and challenges associated with downstream biomass valorization, including biofuel production and the recovery of high-value products within integrated biorefinery frameworks. In addition, the review discusses the principal barriers to large-scale implementation, including limited field-scale validation, variability in biomass quality, contaminant safety, downstream processing requirements, regulatory uncertainty, and the need for comprehensive techno-economic and environmental assessments. Finally, it highlights emerging research directions involving systems biology, advanced process monitoring, artificial intelligence-assisted process control, and integrated biorefinery concepts that may support future development. By integrating biological, engineering, and sustainability perspectives, this review provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the potential of filamentous algae to support resilient wastewater treatment systems and accelerate the transition toward circular resource management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:57:56Z","timestamp":1785761876000},"page":"1702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Filamentous Algae for Wastewater Circularity: A Review of Wastewater Treatment, Resource Recovery, and Biorefinery Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5156-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Microalgae Technology Innovation Center, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture and Ecological Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Microalgae Technology Innovation Center, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture and Ecological Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Microalgae Technology Innovation Center, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture and Ecological Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Microalgae Technology Innovation Center, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture and Ecological Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tangyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Microalgae Technology Innovation Center, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture and Ecological Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Microalgae Technology Innovation Center, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture and Ecological Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Microalgae Technology Innovation Center, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149022","article-title":"Technical, economic and environmental feasibility of resource recovery technologies from wastewater","volume":"796","author":"Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazimierowicz, J., D\u0119bowski, M., and Zieli\u0144ski, M. (2023). Technological, Ecological, and Energy-Economic Aspects of Using Solidified Carbon Dioxide for Aerobic Granular Sludge Pre-Treatment Prior to Anaerobic Digestion. Int. J. Environ.Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054234"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2021.101978","article-title":"Resource recovery from and management of wastewater in rural South Africa: Possibilities and practices","volume":"40","author":"Montwedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C., Martins, T.A.E., and Amaral, L. (2025). From Efficiency to Circularity in the Wastewater Sector: A Review of Performance Indicators in Regulated Countries. Water, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/w17152226"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2023.2229920","article-title":"Microalgae Biofilm System as an Efficient Tool for Wastewater Remediation and Potential Bioresources for Pharmaceutical Product Production: An Overview","volume":"26","author":"Ugya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytoremediation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122556","article-title":"Wastewater treatment using filamentous algae\u2014A review","volume":"298","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2022.100205","article-title":"Microalgae-based wastewater treatment: Mechanisms, challenges, recent advances, and future prospects","volume":"13","author":"Abdelfattah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ.Sci. Ecotechnol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2025.104480","article-title":"A critical review of the microalgae and cyanobacteria-based biofertilizers: An insight into the cost effectiveness of different algae cultivation strategies","volume":"40","author":"Rahman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bol\u00edvar-Galiano, F., Abad-Ruiz, C., S\u00e1nchez-Castillo, P., Toscano, M., and Romero-Noguera, J. (2020). Frequent Microalgae in the Fountains of the Alhambra and Generalife: Identification and Creation of a Culture Collection. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10186603"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2025.103992","article-title":"Critical assessment of several filamentous algae as bioeconomic energy under different culture conditions","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102442","article-title":"Unicellular microalgae vs. filamentous algae for wastewater treatment and nutrient recovery","volume":"59","author":"Rearte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.05.026","article-title":"Coupled cultivation and pre-harvesting of microalgae in a membrane photobioreactor (MPBR)","volume":"155","author":"Bilad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-024-03220-2","article-title":"Suspended filamentous algal cultures for wastewater treatment: A review","volume":"36","author":"Sabatte","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136080","article-title":"Bioremediation of water containing pesticides by microalgae: Mechanisms, methods, and prospects for future research","volume":"707","author":"Nie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrobiology2020021","article-title":"Implementation and Optimization of Algal Biomass in Value-Added Products Recovery: A Step towards Algae-Based Green Economy","volume":"2","author":"Dutta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hydrobiology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2025.152133","article-title":"Breaking the barriers towards large-scale microalgae-based bio-hydrogen production","volume":"193","author":"Koko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-026-01028-1","article-title":"Unraveling filamentous algae as a renewable bioresource for advanced moisture-absorbent innovative aquatic fibers","volume":"13","author":"Rahaman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioresour. Bioprocess."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Wehr, J.D., Sheath, R.G., and Kociolek, J.P. (2015). Chapter 8\u2014Filamentous (Nonconjugating) and Plantlike Green Algae. Freshwater Algae of North America, Academic Press. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.07.005","article-title":"Heterocyst differentiation: From single mutants to global approaches","volume":"20","author":"Hess","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Fei, F., Luo, D., Yang, J., Ji, G., and Wu, X. (2026). Species Composition and Biomass Dynamics of Filamentous Algae and Their Environmental Drivers in Eriocheir sinensis Aquaculture Ponds. Biology, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15030286"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2023.106910","article-title":"Nutrient uptake and biomass productivity performance comparison among freshwater filamentous algae species on mesocosm-scale FANS under ambient summer and winter conditions","volume":"189","author":"Hariz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689.2011.615705","article-title":"Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of the Green Algae","volume":"31","author":"Leliaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domozych, D., Ciancia, M., Fangel, J.U., Mikkelsen, M.D., Ulvskov, P., and Willats, W.G. (2012). The Cell Walls of Green Algae: A Journey through Evolution and Diversity. Front. Plant Sci., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2012.00082"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.66.1.94-121.2002","article-title":"Regulation of cellular differentiation in filamentous cyanobacteria in free-living and plant-associated symbiotic growth states","volume":"66","author":"Meeks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehdizadeh Allaf, M., and Peerhossaini, H. (2022). Cyanobacteria: Model Microorganisms and Beyond. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040696"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144052","article-title":"CO2 concentrating mechanisms in algae: Mechanisms, environmental modulation, and evolution","volume":"56","author":"Giordano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.01.006","article-title":"Microalgae biorefinery: High value products perspectives","volume":"229","author":"Chew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, K., Bing, X., Tan, Y., Zhou, Q., Jiang, J., and Zhu, Y. (2024). Influencing Factors for the Growth of Cladophora and Its Cell Damage and Destruction Mechanism: Implication for Prevention and Treatment. Water, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/w16131890"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.12070","article-title":"Identity and phylogenetic placement of Spirogyra species (Zygnematophyceae, Charophyta) from California streams and elsewhere","volume":"49","author":"Stancheva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a000315","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a000315","article-title":"Cyanobacterial Heterocysts","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-013-9962-7","article-title":"Energy costs of carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms in aquatic organisms","volume":"121","author":"Raven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119688","article-title":"Algae in wastewater treatment, mechanism, and application of biomass for production of value-added product","volume":"309","author":"Bhatt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2025.100662","article-title":"Microalgae-based treatment for wastewater management and valorization","volume":"48","author":"Pant","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Li, Z., Yang, Y., Purchase, D., Lu, Y., and Dai, Z. (2021). Extracellular Polymeric Substances Facilitate the Adsorption and Migration of Cu2+ and Cd2+ in Saturated Porous Media. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111715"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02699-15","article-title":"Microbial Mat Communities along an Oxygen Gradient in a Perennially Ice-Covered Antarctic Lake","volume":"82","author":"Jungblut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ.Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejbt.2017.11.001","article-title":"Microbial mat ecosystems: Structure types, functional diversity, and biotechnological application","volume":"31","author":"Santoyo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electron. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007224","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00072-24","article-title":"Exploring the prokaryote-eukaryote interplay in microbial mats from an Andean athalassohaline wetland","volume":"12","author":"Cubillos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454756","DOI":"10.1080\/27658511.2025.2454756","article-title":"Microplastic removal in aquatic systems using extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of microalgae","volume":"11","author":"Hadiyanto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2022.100212","article-title":"Extracellular polymeric substances-antibiotics interaction in activated sludge: A review","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ.Sci. Ecotechnol"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Jin, Y., Zhou, D., Liu, L., Huang, S., Zhao, Y., and Chen, Y. (2022). A Review of the Role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) in Wastewater Treatment Systems. Int. J. Environ.Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912191"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Abioye, O.P., Ezugwu, B.U., Aransiola, S.A., and Ojeba, M.I. (2020). Phycoremediation of water contaminated with arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from a mining site in Minna, Nigeria. Eur. J. Biol. Res., 10."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dziergowska, K., We\u0142na, M., Szymczycha-Madeja, A., Ch\u0119cmanowski, J., and Michalak, I. (2021). Valorization of Cladophora glomerata Biomass and Obtained Bioproducts into Biostimulants of Plant Growth and as Sorbents (Biosorbents) of Metal Ions. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26226917"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14518","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1064032","article-title":"Sorption sites of microalgae possess metal binding ability towards Cr(VI) from tannery effluents\u2014A kinetic and characterization study","volume":"57","author":"Balaji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-024-03261-7","article-title":"Screening protocol for freshwater filamentous macroalgae bioremediation of primary municipal wastewater","volume":"36","author":"Novak","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, Q., Chen, Y., Dai, Q., Liu, B., and Liu, G. (2022). Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Genus Oedogonium (Oedogoniales, Chlorophyta) from China. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11182422"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2015.12.010","article-title":"The treatment of municipal wastewater by the macroalga Oedogonium sp. and its potential for the production of biocrude","volume":"13","author":"Neveux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.12.103","article-title":"The biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution by Spirogyra and Cladophora filamentous macroalgae","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ri\u010dkien\u0117, A., Karosien\u0117, J., and Jurkonien\u0117, S. (2025). Using Freshwater Cladophora glomerata to Develop Sustainable Farming. Agronomy, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15112551"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.12510","article-title":"Systematics of Cladophora spp. (Chlorophyta) from North Carolina, USA, based upon morphology and DNA sequence data with a description of Cladophora subtilissima sp. nov","volume":"53","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.11.007","article-title":"Effects of lead on tolerance, bioaccumulation, and antioxidative defense system of green algae, Cladophora","volume":"112","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquabot.2020.103291","article-title":"Morphological and reproductive studies on the green filamentous pest Rhizoclonium-like affecting Agarophyton chilensis commercial farms in southern Chile","volume":"167","author":"Aroca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquat. Bot."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wehr, J.D., and Sheath, R.G. (2003). 8\u2014Filamentous and Plantlike Green Algae. Freshwater Algae of North America, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012741550-5\/50023-4"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.01.049","article-title":"Nutrient removal from horticultural wastewater by benthic filamentous algae Klebsormidium sp., Stigeoclonium spp. and their communities: From laboratory flask to outdoor Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS)","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2017.03.014","article-title":"Use of freshwater macroalgae Spirogyra sp. for the treatment of municipal wastewaters and biomass production for biofuel applications","volume":"111","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-022-02857-1","article-title":"Novel Assay for Attached Filamentous Algae Productivity and Nutrient Removal","volume":"35","author":"Hariz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2023.329199","article-title":"Efficiency of Biological Removal of Mineral Elements from Wastewater Using the Blue-Alga Oscillatoria sp","volume":"27","author":"Abbas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117628","article-title":"Appraising the phycoremediation potential of cyanobacterial strains Phormidium and Oscillatoria for nutrient removal from textile wastewater (TWW) and synchronized biodiesel production from TWW-tolerant biomass","volume":"241","author":"Mathimani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524383113","article-title":"Formation and maintenance of nitrogen-fixing cell patterns in filamentous cyanobacteria","volume":"113","author":"Ares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9478","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13244-8","article-title":"A waste-to-wealth initiative exploiting the potential of Anabaena variabilis for designing an integrated biorefinery","volume":"12","author":"Deb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.12.003","article-title":"Biological activities and nitrogen and phosphorus removal during the anabaena flos-aquae biofilm growth using different nutrient form","volume":"251","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lourembam, J., Haobam, B., Singh, K.B., Verma, S., and Rajan, J.P. (2024). The molecular insights of cyanobacterial bioremediations of heavy metals: The current and the future challenges. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1450992"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcu085","article-title":"Ecophysiology of gelatinous Nostoc colonies: Unprecedented slow growth and survival in resource-poor and harsh environments","volume":"114","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"qvaf025","DOI":"10.1093\/sumbio\/qvaf025","article-title":"A green microbe for a sustainable future: The versatile applications of Nostoc commune","volume":"2","author":"Onyeaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/10889868.2024.2337179","article-title":"Identification of Phormidium sp, (k\u00fctzing ex Gomont 1892): A potential exopolymer for effective bioremediation","volume":"29","author":"Raghuraman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioremediation J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(94)90164-3","article-title":"Phormidium treatment of anaerobically treated swine wastewater","volume":"28","author":"Ramos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.07.028","article-title":"Biosorption of lead from aqueous solutions by green algae Spirogyra species: Kinetics and equilibrium studies","volume":"152","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2014.02.017","article-title":"Biosorption of trace elements from aqueous systems in gold mining sites by the filamentous green algae (Oedogonium sp.)","volume":"144","author":"Bakatula","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2011.05.015","article-title":"Production and harvesting of microalgae for wastewater treatment, biofuels, and bioproducts","volume":"29","author":"Christenson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srimongkol, P., Sangtanoo, P., Songserm, P., Watsuntorn, W., and Karnchanatat, A. (2022). Microalgae-based wastewater treatment for developing economic and environmental sustainability: Current status and future prospects. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10, Erratum in Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2022, 10, 1048819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1048819.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.904046"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-007-9223-2","article-title":"Phototrophic biofilms and their potential applications","volume":"20","author":"Roeselers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","article-title":"Biofilms: An emergent form of bacterial life","volume":"14","author":"Flemming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119339","article-title":"Modifying filamentous algae nutrient scrubbers for improved wastewater treatment and harvestability\u2014Comparison with microalgae","volume":"348","author":"Sutherland","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.11.054","article-title":"Algal turf scrubbers: Periphyton production and nutrient recovery on a South Florida citrus farm","volume":"75","author":"Patt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.119952","article-title":"The nexuses of micro(nano)plastics at environmental interfaces: Challenges in wastewater treatment and sustainable water management","volume":"13","author":"Nyoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2001.0862","article-title":"Wastewater treatment by algal turf scrubbing","volume":"44","author":"Craggs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2019.100360","article-title":"Optimization of algal turf scrubber (ATS) technology through targeted harvest rate","volume":"9","author":"Siville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10412","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2056823","article-title":"A comprehensive review on the use of algal-bacterial systems for wastewater treatment with emphasis on nutrient and micropollutant removal","volume":"13","author":"Oruganti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.122693","article-title":"Stable year-round nutrients removal and recovery from wastewater by technical-scale algal Turf Scrubber (ATS)","volume":"307","author":"Gan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.165423","article-title":"Salinity stress adaptation enhances metabolic flux towards polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis in microalgae biofilm","volume":"519","author":"Ugya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118694","article-title":"Integration of Algal Turf Scrubber and high-rate algae pond with microfiltration for nutrient removal, biomass recovery, and fouling control in shrimp wastewater","volume":"13","author":"Tran","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, X., Klose, H., and Reinecke, D. (2022). Optimizing nutrient removal and biomass production of the Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS) under variable cultivation conditions by using Response Surface Methodology. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.962719"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01712-2","article-title":"Feedback mechanisms stabilise degraded turf algal systems at a CO2 seep site","volume":"4","author":"Harvey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Guo, L., Tan, C., Tang, Y., Ma, Y., Zhang, Z., Cheng, Y., and Qian, C. (2025). Sustainable Management of Filamentous Algae in Freshwater Ecosystems: Insights from Cladophora sp. Life History, Reproductive Tactics, and Growth Ecology. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14121671"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2002.0732","article-title":"Design parameters of high rate algal ponds using filamentous algae matrix for treating rural stream water","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101787","article-title":"Role of surface roughness in the algal short-term cell adhesion and long-term biofilm cultivation under dynamic flow condition","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-023-01548-5","article-title":"Improving biomass and carbohydrate production of microalgae in the rotating cultivation system on natural carriers","volume":"13","author":"Mousavian","year":"2023","journal-title":"AMB. Express"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109364","article-title":"Microalgae cultivation and harvesting: Growth performance and use of flocculants\u2014A review","volume":"115","author":"Okoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112792","article-title":"Bio-products from algae-based biorefinery on wastewater: A review","volume":"293","author":"Catone","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ.Manag."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vichit, S., Salakkam, A., and Fiala, K. (2023). Exploring the Utilization Potential of Spirogyra sp. Biomass for Ethanol Production: A Study on Saccharification Optimization and High-Temperature Ethanol Fermentation. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11102920"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.09.013","article-title":"Barriers to microalgal mass cultivation","volume":"73","author":"Lane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119521","article-title":"Antibiotic synergistic effect surge bioenergy potential and pathogen resistance of Chlorella variabilis biofilm","volume":"259","author":"Ugya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.11.027","article-title":"Nutrient removal from agricultural drainage water using algal turf scrubbers and solar power","volume":"152","author":"Kangas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valchev, D., and Ribarova, I. (2022). A Review on the Reliability and the Readiness Level of Microalgae-Based Nutrient Recovery Technologies for Secondary Treated Effluent in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10020399"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138812","article-title":"Recent innovations and challenges in the eradication of emerging contaminants from aquatic systems","volume":"332","author":"Shanmuganathan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.2166\/wpt.2025.097","article-title":"Emerging pollutants in aquatic environment: A global challenge","volume":"20","author":"Hossen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Pract. Technol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathew, M.M., Khatana, K., Vats, V., Dhanker, R., Kumar, R., Dahms, H.-U., and Hwang, J.-S. (2022). Biological Approaches Integrating Algae and Bacteria for the Degradation of Wastewater Contaminants\u2014A Review. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.801051"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"100492","article-title":"A comprehensive review on microalgae-driven heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater using living and nonliving microalgae","volume":"16","author":"Faruque","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113109","article-title":"The efficiency of microalgae biofilm in the phycoremediation of water from River Kaduna","volume":"295","author":"Ugya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13245","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-025-06611-1","article-title":"Microbial biosorption: A sustainable approach for metal removal and environmental remediation","volume":"22","author":"Aslam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2025.104100","article-title":"Unveiling the potential of freshwater filamentous algae as a promising alternative source of essential fatty acids and bioactive carotenoids","volume":"89","author":"Rahaman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-29920-4","article-title":"Lead biosorption from industrial wastewater using Cladophora","volume":"15","author":"Metwally","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.10.093","article-title":"Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution using algal biomass Spirogyra spp","volume":"145","author":"Bishnoi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/environments9010001","article-title":"Bioremediation Capacity of Edaphic Cyanobacteria Nostoc linckia for Chromium in Association with Other Heavy-Metals-Contaminated Soils","volume":"9","author":"Cepoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environments"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s44279-025-00193-9","article-title":"Cyanobacteria-based bioremediation of environmental contaminants: Advances and computational insights","volume":"3","author":"Dudeja","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Agric."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, A.P., Dwivedi, V., Kumar, S., Kushwaha, A., Goswami, L., and Reddy, B.S. (2021). Cyanobacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances for Heavy Metal Removal: A Mini Review. J. Compos. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs5010001"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s43832-023-00041-1","article-title":"Factors and mechanisms regulating heavy metal phycoremediation in polluted water","volume":"3","author":"Nyika","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov. Water"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasmaz Kislioglu, M., Obek, E., Konakci, N., and Sasmaz, A. (2025). Heavy Metal Accumulation in Dominant Green Algae Living in a Habitat Under the Influence of Cu Mine Discharge Water. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14070993"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.10.033","article-title":"Micropollutant removal in an algal treatment system fed with source separated wastewater streams","volume":"304","author":"Butkovskyi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122628","article-title":"Ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in Brazilian surface waters","volume":"338","author":"Mounteer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ.Pollut."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2026.121660","article-title":"Enhanced micro- and nanoplastic (MNP) removal by easy-harvestable filamentous algae with indications of plastic surface transformation","volume":"14","author":"Adaschewski","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015546720920","article-title":"Herbicide bioconcentration in Cladophora glomerata: Atrazine removal in a eutrophic agricultural river","volume":"469","author":"Shelton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100669","article-title":"Biosorption of reactive amoxicillin antibiotic on Pithophora macroalgae in aqueous solution: Equilibrium and kinetic studies","volume":"320","author":"Khamayseh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-023-02936-x","article-title":"Lifecycle-dependent toxicity and removal of micropollutants in algal cultures of the green seaweed Ulva (Chlorophyta)","volume":"35","author":"Hardegen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27172","article-title":"Algal photosynthetic aeration increases the capacity of bacteria to degrade organics in wastewater","volume":"117","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2024-1476.ch003","article-title":"Photodegradation of Emerging Contaminants in Water","volume":"Volume 1476","author":"Narayanan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioremediation of Emerging Contaminants in Water. Volume 2"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129286","article-title":"Microalgae simultaneously promote antibiotic removal and antibiotic resistance genes\/bacteria attenuation in algal-bacterial granular sludge system","volume":"438","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathi, M., Singh, S., Pathak, S., Kasaudhan, J., Mishra, A., Bala, S., Garg, D., Singh, R., Singh, P., and Singh, P.K. (2023). Recent Strategies for the Remediation of Textile Dyes from Wastewater: A Systematic Review. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11110940"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122806","article-title":"Evaluation of Cladophora and Chlamydomonas microalgae for environmental sustainability: A comparative study of antimicrobial and photocatalytic dye degradation","volume":"340","author":"Guleria","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ.Pollut."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-053X(02)00030-2","article-title":"Treatment of simulated Reactive Yellow 22 (azo) dye effluents using Spirogyra species","volume":"22","author":"Mohan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nexus.2022.100089","article-title":"Decontamination of industrial wastewater using microalgae integrated with biotransformation of the biomass to green products","volume":"6","author":"Amin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Nexus"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2013.874500","article-title":"Field study of moving bed biofilm reactor technology for post-treatment of wastewater lagoon effluent at 1 \u00b0C","volume":"35","author":"Almomani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Dezotti, M., Lippel, G., and Bassin, J.P. (2018). Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR). Advanced Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment: Emerging, Consolidated Technologies and Introduction to Molecular Techniques, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-021-00924-8","article-title":"Microalgal-Bacterial Consortia as Future Prospect in Wastewater Bioremediation, Environmental Management and Bioenergy Production","volume":"61","author":"Khoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127182","article-title":"Effect of filamentous algae in a microalgal-bacterial granular sludge system treating saline wastewater: Assessing stability, lipid production and nutrients removal","volume":"354","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2021.102240","article-title":"Construction of symbiotic system of filamentous algae and submerged plants and its application in wastewater purification","volume":"43","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobo-Moreira, A.B., Xavier-Santos, S., Damacena-Silva, L., and Caramori, S.S. (2022). Trends on Microalgae-Fungi Consortia Research: An Alternative for Biofuel Production?. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.903737"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.F. (2025). Fungi for Sustainable Pharmaceutical Remediation: Enzymatic Innovations, Challenges, and Applications\u2014A Review. Processes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13041034"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, J., Ren, R., Wu, Z., Huang, J., and Zhang, Q. (2025). From Waste to Resource: Algal\u2013Bacterial Systems and Immobilization Techniques in Aquaculture Effluent Treatment. Clean. Technol., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cleantechnol7040097"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7726","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA08030D","article-title":"Optimization of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) operation for biodegradation of Diuron herbicide and organic load removal from synthetic wastewater","volume":"16","author":"Fazlzadeh","year":"2026","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.03.139","article-title":"Enhancing microalgae biofilm formation and growth by fabricating microgrooves onto the substrate surface","volume":"261","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2026.108625","article-title":"Utilizing novel microbial system microalgae-fungi-bacteria consortia for environmental remediation: Collaboration mechanisms, applications, and future prospects","volume":"209","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Li, Z., Yu, S., Chen, Z., Xu, J., Qiu, S., and Ge, S. (2024). Microalgal\u2013Bacteria Biofilm in Wastewater Treatment: Advantages, Principles, and Establishment. Water, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/w16182561"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121424","article-title":"Performance and bacterial community of moving bed biofilm reactors with various biocarriers treating primary wastewater effluent with a low organic strength and low C\/N ratio","volume":"287","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.E., Lee, J.H., Park, S.M., and Kim, D.G. (2023). Symbiotic relationship between filamentous algae (Halomicronema sp.) and extracellular polymeric substance-producing algae (Chlamydomonas sp.) through biomimetic simulation of natural algal mats. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1176069"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2025.135176","article-title":"Efficiency and mechanism of Moving Bed Bacterial-Algal Biofilm Reactor (MB-BA-BR) in treating simulated coal chemical wastewater","volume":"394","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, A.C.B., Tavares, Y.V., Fontana, N.R., Machado Pasin, T., Conte-Junior, C.A., and Contato, A.G. (2026). Bioremediation of Synthetic Dyes by White-Rot Fungi: Enzymatic Mechanisms, Biosorption, and Environmental Applications. Molecules, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31071085"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2023.103021","article-title":"Algal-fungal interactions and biomass production in wastewater treatment: Current status and future perspectives","volume":"70","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2024.119428","article-title":"A comprehensive review of algae consortium for wastewater bioremediation and biodiesel production","volume":"325","author":"Abrar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"100401","article-title":"Nitrogen cycling blocked in constructed wetlands: Mechanisms, developments, and challenges\u2014A review","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res. X"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28941","article-title":"A New Modeling Approach for Predicting the Growth of Filamentous Algae in Outdoor Algae-Based Wastewater Treatment Systems","volume":"122","author":"Pitawala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.100","article-title":"Overview of strategies for enhanced treatment of municipal\/domestic wastewater at low temperature","volume":"643","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44691","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-34065-4","article-title":"Recent advances and prospects of constructed wetlands in cold climates: A review from 2013 to 2023","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ.Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Lee, D.-J., Jegatheesan, V., Ngo, H.H., Hallenbeck, P.C., and Pandey, A. (2017). 7\u2014Aerobic Treatment in Cold-Climate Countries. Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2023.103213","article-title":"Variation of the photosynthesis and respiration response of filamentous algae (Oedogonium) acclimated to averaged seasonal temperatures and light exposure levels","volume":"74","author":"Pitawala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.70.1.222-252.2006","article-title":"Adaptation and Acclimation of Photosynthetic Microorganisms to Permanently Cold Environments","volume":"70","author":"Priscu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. MMBR"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-020-02211-3","article-title":"Concise review of Cladophora spp.: Macroalgae of commercial interest","volume":"33","author":"Michalak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1985.00228.x","article-title":"Light and temperature as factors regulating seasonal growth and distribution of ulothrix zonata (ulvophyceae)","volume":"21","author":"Graham","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Niu, L., Pan, W., Zhang, X., and Lu, H. (2025). Composition and Abundance Distribution of Filamentous Bacteria During the Variable- and Low-Temperature Operation Periods of Wastewater Treatment Plants. Water, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/w17182770"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montuori, E., Saggiomo, M., and Lauritano, C. (2023). Microalgae from Cold Environments and Their Possible Biotechnological Applications. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21050292"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-022-02249-0","article-title":"The growth, lipid accumulation and adaptation mechanism in response to variation of temperature and nitrogen supply in psychrotrophic filamentous microalga Xanthonema hormidioides (Xanthophyceae)","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6736-5","article-title":"Biofilm-based algal cultivation systems","volume":"99","author":"Gross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2005.03.032","article-title":"Effect of temperature and free ammonia on nitrification and nitrite accumulation in landfill leachate and analysis of its nitrifying bacterial community by FISH","volume":"97","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramli, N.M., Verreth, J.A.J., Yusoff, F.M., Nurulhuda, K., Nagao, N., and Verdegem, M.C.J. (2020). Integration of Algae to Improve Nitrogenous Waste Management in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems: A Review. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.01004"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, Y., Su, Q., Wang, H., Wu, C., Tong, S., Zhang, J., and Qiao, H. (2023). Strain Screening and Conditions Optimization in Microalgae-Based Monosodium Glutamate Wastewater (MSGW) Treatment. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15091663"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panchal, S.K., Ghattamaneni, N.K.R., Magnusson, M., Cole, A., Roberts, D., Neveux, N., Brown, L., and Paul, N.A. (2022). Freshwater Macroalgae, Oedogonium, Grown in Wastewater Reduce Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213811"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0119bowski, M., Kisielewska, M., Zieli\u0144ski, M., and Kazimierowicz, J. (2026). Anaerobic Digestion of Microalgal\u2013Bacterial Consortia Biomass: Challenges and Prospects for Circular Wastewater Treatment. Appl. Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/app16052524"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.06.158","article-title":"Wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds for biofuel production","volume":"102","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaz, S., Martins, R., Pinheiro, H.M., and Monteiro, L. (2025). Effect of Hydraulic Retention Time on Nutrient Removal in a Microalgae-Based Tertiary Treatment: A Pilot-Scale Study in Winter Conditions. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17167553"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2024.103818","article-title":"Optimisation of high-rate filamentous algal pond operating parameters for nutrient bioremediation of primary municipal wastewater","volume":"85","author":"Novak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2024.105417","article-title":"Influence of nitrogen loading rate on nutrient removal and algal biomass production using revolving algae biofilm reactor","volume":"166","author":"Le","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Taiwan. Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalamaras, S.D., Vitoulis, G., Christou, M.L., Sfetsas, T., Tziakas, S., Fragos, V., Samaras, P., and Kotsopoulos, T.A. (2021). The Effect of Ammonia Toxicity on Methane Production of a Full-Scale Biogas Plant\u2014An Estimation Method. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14165031"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metin, U., and Alt\u0131nba\u015f, M. (2024). Evaluating Ammonia Toxicity and Growth Kinetics of Four Different Microalgae Species. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081542"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aqeel, H., and Liss, S.N. (2020). Autotrophic Fixed-Film Systems Treating High Strength Ammonia Wastewater. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.551925"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142168","article-title":"Integrating micro-algae into wastewater treatment: A review","volume":"752","author":"Mohsenpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.130654","article-title":"Multifaceted application of microalgal biomass integrated with carbon dioxide reduction and wastewater remediation: A flexible concept for sustainable environment","volume":"339","author":"Goswami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2006.05.014","article-title":"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods\u2014A review","volume":"12","author":"Fytili","year":"2008","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115912","article-title":"Critical review on dewatering of sewage sludge: Influential mechanism, conditioning technologies and implications to sludge re-utilizations","volume":"180","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2019.02.011","article-title":"Filamentous microalgae Tribonema sp. cultivation in the anaerobic\/oxic effluents of petrochemical wastewater for evaluating the efficiency of recycling and treatment","volume":"145","author":"Huo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2023.100365","article-title":"Integrated microalgae-based biorefinery for wastewater treatment, industrial CO2 sequestration and microalgal biomass valorization: A circular bioeconomy approach","volume":"12","author":"Fal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Adv."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102288","article-title":"Algal cellulose, production and potential use in plastics: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"56","author":"Zanchetta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1002\/app.32959","article-title":"Cellulose from cladophorales green algae: From environmental problem to high-tech composite materials","volume":"119","author":"Mihranyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-026-06974-9","article-title":"Properties of cellulose from four freshwater macroalgae cultivated under high nutrient conditions","volume":"33","author":"Jayasooriya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.128332","article-title":"Algal biomass to biohydrogen: Pretreatment, influencing factors, and conversion strategies","volume":"368","author":"Bhatia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velmozhina, K., Shinkevich, P., Zhazhkov, V., Politaeva, N., Korablev, V., Vladimirov, I., and Morales, T.C. (2023). Production of Biohydrogen from Microalgae Biomass after Wastewater Treatment and Air Purification from CO2. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11102978"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2005.09.015","article-title":"Bio-hydrogen production from waste materials","volume":"38","author":"Kapdan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2009.02.004","article-title":"Advances in fermentative biohydrogen production: The way forward?","volume":"27","author":"Hallenbeck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.04.055","article-title":"Bioreactor and process design for biohydrogen production","volume":"102","author":"Show","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Z., Jin, Q., Su, G., and Lu, W. (2024). A Review of Hydrogen Storage and Transportation: Progresses and Challenges. Energies, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202406.0609.v1"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2025.104337","article-title":"Potential of algae as fertilizers and plant stimulants for sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture","volume":"91","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-012-9301-z","article-title":"A review of the harvesting of micro-algae for biofuel production","volume":"12","author":"Milledge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio\/Technol."},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"100444","article-title":"Microalgae in removing heavy metals from wastewater\u2014An advanced green technology for urban wastewater treatment","volume":"15","author":"Sarma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.04.004","article-title":"Microalgae as multi-functional options in modern agriculture: Current trends, prospects and challenges","volume":"36","author":"Renuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.03.020","article-title":"Algae as Bio-fertilizers: Between current situation and future prospective","volume":"29","author":"Ammar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2025.104499","article-title":"Algae and their value-added compounds: Commercialization and biotechnological application for future sustainability","volume":"93","author":"Kour","year":"2026","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steven, S., Fauza, A.N., Mardiyati, Y., Santosa, S.P., and Shoimah, S.M. (2022). Facile Preparation of Cellulose Bioplastic from Cladophora sp. Algae via Hydrogel Method. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214699"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116833","article-title":"A review of microalgae biofilm as an eco-friendly approach to bioplastics, promoting environmental sustainability","volume":"236","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00215","article-title":"Cladophora Cellulose: Unique Biopolymer Nanofibrils for Emerging Energy, Environmental, and Life Science Applications","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129422","article-title":"Cellulose nanocrystals from marine algae Cladophora glomerata by using microwave-assisted extraction","volume":"260","author":"Plianwong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2026.2652317","article-title":"Deciphering the mechanism of microalgal metabolite-protein interaction for polyhydroxyalkanoates production","volume":"46","author":"Ugya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2020.100065","article-title":"Nature\u2019s fight against plastic pollution: Algae for plastic biodegradation and bioplastics production","volume":"4","author":"Chia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Ecotechnology"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-015-0840-7","article-title":"A comparison of cellulose nanofibrils produced from Cladophora glomerata algae and bleached eucalyptus pulp","volume":"23","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-024-04202-1","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of cellulose-reinforced PLA\/PHA compounds","volume":"31","author":"Noh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.01.007","article-title":"Cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and ash content of some organic materials and their suitability for use as paper pulp supplements","volume":"98","author":"Ververis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4672","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c00380","article-title":"Assessment of the Alga Cladophora glomerata as a Source for Cellulose Nanocrystals","volume":"24","author":"Mihhels","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130332","article-title":"Insights on industrial symbiosis applied to algal wastewater treatment: Decoupling remediation from valorization to achieve technological readiness","volume":"413","author":"Silva","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clet.2025.100922","article-title":"Microalgae to bioplastics\u2014Routes and challenges","volume":"25","author":"Chaudry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clean. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198303","DOI":"10.1155\/anu\/3198303","article-title":"Exploring Protein-Based Fishmeal Alternatives for Aquaculture Feeds in Bangladesh","volume":"2025","author":"Mahmud","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2023.101277","article-title":"Alternative sources of protein for food and feed","volume":"62","author":"Thornton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_199","unstructured":"Joshi, K., Navalgund, L., Mubarak, N.M., Dehghani, M.H., and Shet, V.B. (2026). Integrating Microalgae into Circular Bioeconomy: From Wastewater Remediation to High-Value Bioproducts. Waste Engineering and Management: A Sustainable Approach, Springer Nature."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2025.105188","article-title":"Exploring microalgae protein: Quantity, quality and sustainability compared to conventional sources","volume":"163","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.110112","article-title":"Comprehensive insights into microalgae proteins: Nutritional profiles and innovative applications as sustainable alternative proteins in health and food sciences","volume":"154","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fnaa081","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnaa081","article-title":"High-added value products from microalgae and prospects of aquaculture wastewaters as microalgae growth media","volume":"367","author":"Dourou","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1134\/S1995082919040060","article-title":"Amino Acid Composition of Green Microalgae and Diatoms, Cyanobacteria, and Zooplankton (Review)","volume":"12","author":"Kolmakova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inland. Water Biol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2016.12.011","article-title":"Valorisation of aquaculture effluents with microalgae: The Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture concept","volume":"24","author":"Otero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velichkova, K., Sirakov, I., Stoyanova, S., Simitchiev, A., Yovchev, D., and Stamatova-Yovcheva, K. (2024). Effect of Replacing Fishmeal with Algal Meal on Growth Parameters and Meat Composition in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.). Fishes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes9070249"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2017.08.020","article-title":"The freshwater macroalga Oedogonium intermedium can meet the nutritional requirements of the herbivorous fish Ancistrus cirrhosus","volume":"27","author":"Vucko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prates, J.A.M. (2025). Unlocking the Functional and Nutritional Potential of Microalgae Proteins in Food Systems: A Narrative Review. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14091524"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-019-01364-x","article-title":"Carotenoids as natural functional pigments","volume":"74","author":"Maoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guil-Guerrero, J.L., and Prates, J.A.M. (2025). Microalgae Bioactives for Functional Food Innovation and Health Promotion. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14122122"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.06.025","article-title":"Effect of cell wall characteristics on algae nutrient digestibility in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African catfish (Clarus gariepinus)","volume":"479","author":"Teuling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annamalai, S.N., Das, P., Thaher, M.I.A., Abdul Quadir, M., Khan, S., Mahata, C., and Al Jabri, H. (2021). Nutrients and Energy Digestibility of Microalgal Biomass for Fish Feed Applications. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132313211"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nutautait\u0117, M., Vilien\u0117, V., Racevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117-Stupelien\u0117, A., Bliznikas, S., Karosien\u0117, J., and Koreivien\u0117, J. (2021). Freshwater Cladophora glomerata Biomass as Promising Protein and Other Essential Nutrients Source for High Quality and More Sustainable Feed Production. Agriculture, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11070582"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.122886","article-title":"Bioremediation of heavy metals using microalgae: Recent advances and mechanisms","volume":"303","author":"Leong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49273","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c04364","article-title":"Microalgae-Based Wastewater Treatment and Biomass Valorization: Insights, Challenges, and Opportunities from 15 Years of Research","volume":"10","author":"Calijuri","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00593-z","article-title":"Microalgal-based feed: Promising alternative feedstocks for livestock and poultry production","volume":"12","author":"Saadaoui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2019.03.028","article-title":"Food processing wastewater purification by microalgae cultivation associated with high value-added compounds production\u2014A review","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2015-0124","article-title":"Biomass of freshwater Cladophora as a raw material for agriculture and the cosmetic industry","volume":"13","author":"Messyasz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimenez, R., Markou, G., Tayibi, S., Barakat, A., Chapsal, C., and Monlau, F. (2020). Production of Microalgal Slow-Release Fertilizer by Valorizing Liquid Agricultural Digestate: Growth Experiments with Tomatoes. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10113890"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mau, L., Kant, J., Walker, R., Kuchendorf, C.M., Schrey, S.D., Roessner, U., and Watt, M. (2021). Wheat Can Access Phosphorus From Algal Biomass as Quickly and Continuously as From Mineral Fertilizer. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.631314"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-015-0625-2","article-title":"Biofertilizer and biostimulant properties of the microalga Acutodesmus dimorphus","volume":"28","author":"Sommerfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74180-3","article-title":"Biostimulant effect of Cladophora glomerata extract on garden cress plant growth","volume":"14","author":"Pokajewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arenas Colarte, C., Balic, I., D\u00edaz, \u00d3., Cortes, I., Moreno, A.A., Amenabar, M.J., Retamal, M.C., and Fuentes, N.C. (2025). Microalgae-Based Biostimulants: Effects on Growth and Stress Resistance in Agricultural Crops. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14223488"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parmar, P., Kumar, R., Neha, Y., and Srivatsan, V. (2023). Microalgae as next generation plant growth additives: Functions, applications, challenges and circular bioeconomy based solutions. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1073546"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.05.082","article-title":"Good for sewage treatment and good for agriculture: Algal based compost and biochar","volume":"200","author":"Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129856","article-title":"Towards sustainable agriculture with carbon sequestration, and greenhouse gas mitigation using algal biochar","volume":"275","author":"Mona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_226","first-page":"100008","article-title":"Towards circular agriculture: Opportunities and challenges in converting livestock wastewater into microalgal protein feed","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Agric. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokhtarani, B., Zanganeh, J., and Moghtaderi, B. (2025). A Review on Biohydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation, Process Parameters and Simulation. Energies, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/en18051092"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.124335","article-title":"Integrating acidogenic fermentation and microalgae cultivation of bacterial-algal coupling system for mariculture wastewater treatment","volume":"320","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2018.02.017","article-title":"Enhancement of fermentative hydrogen production from Spirogyra sp. by increased carbohydrate accumulation and selection of the biomass pretreatment under a biorefinery model","volume":"126","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.08.106","article-title":"Evaluation of filamentous green algae as feedstocks for biofuel production","volume":"220","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2017.06.001","article-title":"Hydrogen from algal biomass: A review of production process","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-021-10292-2","article-title":"Nitrate-Induced Carbohydrate Accumulation in Chlorella sorokiniana and its Potential for Ethanol Production","volume":"15","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioEnergy Res."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunker, S., and Wilhelm, C. (2018). Cell Wall Structure of Coccoid Green Algae as an Important Trade-Off Between Biotic Interference Mechanisms and Multidimensional Cell Growth. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00719"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8199","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-022-04696-6","article-title":"Algal biomass dual roles in phycoremediation of wastewater and production of bioenergy and value-added products","volume":"20","author":"Razaviarani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_235","first-page":"100007","article-title":"Minimizing carbon footprint via microalgae as a biological capture","volume":"1","author":"Onyeaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbon. Capture Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2025.102610","article-title":"Lactic acid production from filamentous algae grown using aquaponics wastewater","volume":"111","author":"Burgess","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Gao, K., Yang, M., Zheng, Q., Zhang, M., and Deng, X. (2023). Challenges and potential solutions of microalgae-based systems for wastewater treatment and resource recovery. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1210228"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119846","article-title":"Engineering microbial communities for early-stage cyanobacterial bloom prevention and suppression: Moving beyond biomass removal","volume":"230","author":"Ugya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-026-00635-y","article-title":"Rotating algal biofilm reactors retain core microbial communities during scale-up","volume":"20","author":"Matthews","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kareem, H.A., and Khan, M.F. (2026). Current Research Advances and Future Prospects on Microbial Consortia for Sustainable PFAS Remediation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27042084"},{"key":"ref_241","first-page":"100571","article-title":"Microalgae\u2013microbiome networks as next-generation biotechnologies: Integrating ecological theory, multi-omics, and engineering for sustainable water and carbon management","volume":"32","author":"Ugya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Res. X"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SU00840A","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of seaweed-based biorefineries: Environmental impacts, hotspots, and pathways for a circular bioeconomy","volume":"4","author":"Chaurasiya","year":"2026","journal-title":"RSC Sustain."},{"key":"ref_243","first-page":"100010","article-title":"Environmental risks and regulatory gaps in bioplastics: A critical review of degradation pathways and ecosystem impacts","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Plast."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2019.05.003","article-title":"A technoeconomic assessment of microalgal culture technology implementation for combined wastewater treatment and CO2 mitigation in the Arabian Gulf","volume":"127","author":"Almomani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2026.104620","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence\u2013driven microalgal biorefineries: Advancing wastewater phycoremediation toward sustainable biofuel and high-value product generation","volume":"95","author":"Kalwani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Algal Res."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/8\/1702\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:17:06Z","timestamp":1785763026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/8\/1702"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":245,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14081702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14081702","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}