{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:13:55Z","timestamp":1785770035822,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFD2401802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFD2401802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hainan Tropical Ocean University","award":["RHDRC202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RHDRC202101"]}]},{"name":"Hainan S&T Program","award":["KJTP202547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJTP202547"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intestinal exposure and ocular opacity occur in cultured hybrid porcupinefish, but the associated pathological lesions and gut microecological changes remain poorly characterized. Hybrid porcupinefish were assigned to a healthy control group (CT-CD-JK), an intestinal exposure group (CT-CD-FB), or an ocular opacity group (CT-YQ-FB). Gut microbiota, histopathology, cultivable bacteria, and antimicrobial susceptibility were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing, hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining, bacterial isolation and identification, and disk diffusion testing. Diseased fish showed evident intestinal and ocular tissue injury. Microbial richness was reduced in the CT-CD-FB group, and gut microbial community structure differed among groups (permutational multivariate analysis of variance [PERMANOVA], R2 = 0.5058, p = 0.001). At the phylum level, Firmicutes increased in the CT-CD-FB group, whereas Proteobacteria accounted for a higher proportion in the CT-CD-JK group. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) further indicated group-specific enrichment patterns. A total of 23 cultivable isolates were obtained, among which isolates assigned as putative Vibrio harveyi based on 16S rRNA sequence alignment accounted for 90.9% of isolates derived from intestinal contents in the CT-CD-FB group, which was higher than the 16.7% observed in the CT-CD-JK group. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing suggested a potential multidrug-resistance risk among the isolates; however, higher proportions of susceptible (S) isolates were observed for ceftriaxone (CTR), quinolones, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol (C). These preliminary findings suggest that gut dysbiosis, intestinal tissue injury, and a higher detection proportion of putative Vibrio harveyi were associated with intestinal exposure in this small cohort of naturally diseased hybrid porcupinefish, providing a basis for subsequent pathogen-verification studies and antimicrobial-susceptibility assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:16:27Z","timestamp":1785766587000},"page":"1703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intestinal Microecology Dysbiosis, Cultivable Pathogen Composition, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles Associated with Intestinal Exposure and Ocular Opacity in Hybrid Porcupinefish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuoping","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangyan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Biodiversity and Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou 571127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904815","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.904815","article-title":"Vibriosis Outbreaks in Aquaculture: Addressing Environmental and Public Health Concerns and Preventive Therapies Using Gilthead Seabream Farming as a Model System","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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