{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:47:27Z","timestamp":1785833247920,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordination on High Education Personnel Improvement","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"University SENAI CIMATEC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing demand for alternative protein sources has stimulated interest in fungal biomass as a food ingredient. Although industrial strains of Fusarium venenatum have been extensively investigated, strain-specific information on conidial production, biomass accumulation, and crude protein content remains limited for strains maintained in microbial culture collections. This study evaluated the growth and sporulation of F. venenatum CML3311 in different solid media and investigated biomass and crude protein production under submerged fermentation conditions. Growth and sporulation were assessed on Yeast Malt Agar (YMA), Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC), Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Submerged fermentations were conducted using a 32 factorial design evaluating temperature (26\u201330 \u00b0C) and agitation (160\u2013200 rpm) over 72 h. Biomass production was determined gravimetrically, and crude protein content was quantified by the Kjeldahl method. DRBC promoted the highest sporulation, reaching 4.63 \u00d7 106 conidia\/mL after 28 days. Biomass production increased during the first 48 h of cultivation, with the highest yields observed at 28\u201330 \u00b0C (6.4\u20136.5 g\/L). Crude protein content ranged from 25.45% to 56.12% (dry basis), with the highest value obtained after 24 h at 28 \u00b0C and 200 rpm. These findings provide a strain-specific basis for inoculum preparation and submerged cultivation of F. venenatum CML3311 and identify conditions to be further investigated in process-optimization and safety-assessment studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:02:19Z","timestamp":1785830539000},"page":"1709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of Culture Media and Fermentation Conditions on Growth, Sporulation, and Biomass Production of Fusarium venenatum CML3311"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0800-5938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carine dos Reis","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-100, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine Val\u00e9ria Saraiva","family":"Hodel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SENAI Institute for Innovation in Advanced Health Systems, SENAI CIMATEC University, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4050-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lavinia La\u00eds Nepomuceno da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia Alencar Pereira","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SENAI Institute for Innovation in Advanced Health Systems, SENAI CIMATEC University, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3145-6935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Andr\u00e9s","family":"Umsza-Guez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-100, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1972.12019265","article-title":"Rose Bengal as a Selective Aid in the Isolation of Fungi and Actinomycetes from Natural Sources","volume":"64","author":"Ottow","year":"1972","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003962","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of Photoactivated Rose Bengal for Growth Inhibition of Fungi Isolated from Keratitis","volume":"45","author":"Rocchetti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajmal, M., Hussain, A., Ali, A., Chen, H., and Lin, H. (2022). Strategies for Controlling the Sporulation in Fusarium spp.. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9010010"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111435","article-title":"Fusarium Wilt: A Comprehensive Review of the Biology, Ecology, and Management of the Causal Agent","volume":"236","author":"Uysal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czembor, E., St\u0119pie\u0144, \u0141., and Wa\u015bkiewicz, A. (2015). Effect of Environmental Factors on Fusarium Species and Associated Mycotoxins in Maize Grain Grown in Poland. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133644"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.119958","article-title":"Mycoproteins as Safe Meat Substitutes","volume":"253","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1006\/fgbi.1997.1018","article-title":"Molecular Phylogenetic, Morphological, and Mycotoxin Data Support Reidentification of the Quorn Mycoprotein Fungus As Fusarium venenatum","volume":"23","author":"Cigelnik","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, R., Brown, N.A., Urban, M., and Hammond-Kosack, K.E. (2018). Inter-Genome Comparison of the Quorn Fungus Fusarium venenatum and the Closely Related Plant Infecting Pathogen Fusarium graminearum. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4612-2"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-019-1400-4","article-title":"Moulding the Mould: Understanding and Reprogramming Filamentous Fungal Growth and Morphogenesis for next Generation Cell Factories","volume":"12","author":"Cairns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28513415","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.FUNK-0035-2016","article-title":"The Fungal Cell Wall: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function","volume":"5","author":"Gow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-002-0931-x","article-title":"Myco-Protein from Fusarium venenatum: A Well-Established Product for Human Consumption","volume":"58","author":"Wiebe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40694-018-0054-5","article-title":"How a Fungus Shapes Biotechnology: 100 Years of Aspergillus niger Research","volume":"5","author":"Cairns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzz021","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzz021","article-title":"Mycoprotein: The Future of Nutritious Nonmeat Protein, a Symposium Review","volume":"3","author":"Finnigan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/mlf2.12112","article-title":"Fusarium Mycotoxins: The Major Food Contaminants","volume":"3","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"mLife"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3354","article-title":"Mycoprotein as Chicken Meat Substitute in Nugget Formulation: Physicochemical and Sensorial Characterization","volume":"11","author":"Jannat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00322-9","article-title":"A meta-analysis of projected global food demand and population at risk of hunger for the period 2010\u20132050","volume":"2","author":"Morley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665121000513","article-title":"Role of novel protein sources in sustainably meeting future global requirements","volume":"80","author":"Salter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quintieri, L., Nitride, C., De Angelis, E., Lamonaca, A., Pilolli, R., Russo, F., and Monaci, L. (2023). Alternative Protein Sources and Novel 483 Foods: Benefits, Food Applications and Safety Issues. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061509"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70060","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70060","article-title":"Mushroom mycelia as sustainable alternative proteins for the production of hybrid cell-cultured meat: A review","volume":"90","author":"Maseko","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-06614-0","article-title":"Mycoproteins as sustainable food sources: Current applications and future prospects","volume":"7","author":"Akinsemolu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2023.2178456","article-title":"Role of mycoprotein as a non-meat protein in food security and sustainability: A review","volume":"26","author":"Saeed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/fbe2.12079","article-title":"Potential of utilizing almond hull extract for filamentous fungi production by submerged cultivation","volume":"3","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81941-7","article-title":"Production of protein-rich fungal biomass from pistachio dehulling waste using edible Neurospora intermedia","volume":"15","author":"Toghiani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C.-Y., Wang, Y.-S., Wang, Z.-L., and Bibi, S. (2023). Innovative Approaches to Fungal Food Production: Mycelial Pellet Morphology Insights. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12183477"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synbio.2022.12.006","article-title":"Identification of neutral genome integration sites with high expression and high integration efficiency in Fusarium venenatum TB01","volume":"8","author":"Tong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Synth. Syst. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9821.1000102","article-title":"Response surface methodology for mycoprotein production by Fusarium venenatum ATCC 20334","volume":"1","author":"Hosseini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bioprocess. Biotech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70002","DOI":"10.1002\/sfp2.70002","article-title":"Properties and Cultivation of Fusarium spp. to Produce Mycoprotein as an Alternative Protein Source","volume":"3","author":"Cheriaparambil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Food Proteins"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"243","article-title":"Mycoprotein Production from Date Waste Using Fusarium venenatum in a Submerged Culture","volume":"5","author":"Reihani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Food Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, K., Qiao, K., Xiong, J., Guo, H., and Zhang, Y. (2023). Nutritional Values and Bio-Functional Properties of Fungal Proteins: Applications in Foods as a Sustainable Source. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12244388"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000316","article-title":"Mycoprotein: Nutritional and health properties","volume":"54","author":"Derbyshire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Today"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520000756","article-title":"Effects of mycoprotein on glycaemic control and energy intake in humans: A systematic review","volume":"123","author":"Lett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz077","article-title":"Mycoprotein as a possible alternative source of dietary protein to support muscle and metabolic health","volume":"78","author":"Coelho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114146","article-title":"In vitro protein digestion and carbohydrate colon fermentation of microbial biomass samples from bacterial, filamentous fungus and yeast sources","volume":"182","author":"Nordlund","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, H.C., Edwards, C.A., and Morrison, D.J. (2019). Short Chain Fatty Acid Production from Mycoprotein and Mycoprotein Fibre in an In Vitro Fermentation Model. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040800"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, S., An, K., Zhou, W., Chen, W., Sun, Y., Wang, Q., and Li, D. (2022). Establishment of High-Efficiency Screening System for Gene Deletion in Fusarium venenatum TB01. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8020169"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"AOAC International (1997). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, AOAC International. [16th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"42","article-title":"Production of meat alternatives using live cells, cultures and plant proteins","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.17221\/82\/2020-HORTSCI","article-title":"Pathogenic and biological characterisation of T-DNA insertional mutants of a Colletotrichum gloeosporioides casual organism of apple anthracnose","volume":"48","author":"Azeem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hort. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.33545\/26174693.2024.v8.i12Sf.3140","article-title":"Effects of different culture media on mycelial growth and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici","volume":"8","author":"Pandey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Biochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e176189","DOI":"10.3897\/imafungus.17.176189","article-title":"Standardised sporulation methods for Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia and Neofusicoccum","volume":"17","author":"Grobler","year":"2026","journal-title":"IMA Fungus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.102862","article-title":"In Vitro Protein Digestibility of Edible Filamentous Fungi Compared to Common Food Protein Sources","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.9734\/jeai\/2024\/v46i92918","article-title":"Effect of Temperature, Media and pH on Growth and Sporulation of Fusarium udum Causing Wilt of Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.","volume":"46","author":"Sapna","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Agric. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-020-01054-y","article-title":"Pigment production by Fusarium solani BRM054066 and determination of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"10","author":"Menezes","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMB Expr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.16.2.60","article-title":"Production of a Polyketide Pigment by Fusarium chlamydosporum","volume":"16","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruger-Herreros, M., Nordzieke, S., Vega-\u00c1lvarez, C., Avalos, J., and Lim\u00f3n, M.C. (2022). Relation between CarS expression and activation of carotenogenesis by stress in Fusarium fujikuroi. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1000129"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacquat, A.G., Podio, N.S., Ca\u00f1izares, M.C., Velez, P.A., Theumer, M.G., Areco, V.A., Garcia-Pedrajas, M.D., and Dambolena, J.S. (2025). The Growth, Pathogenesis, and Secondary Metabolism of Fusarium verticillioides Are Epigenetically Modulated by Putative Heterochromatin Protein 1 (FvHP1). J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11060424"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, F., Yuan, Z., Wen, W., Huang, Z., Mao, X., Zhou, M., and Hou, Y. (2022). FgMet3 and FgMet14 related to cysteine and methionine biosynthesis regulate vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, pathogenicity, and sensitivity to fungicides in Fusarium graminearum. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1011709"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR12.1065","article-title":"Anti oxidative and anti tumour activity of biomass extract of mycoprotein Fusarium venenatum","volume":"7","author":"Prakash","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"4843","article-title":"Optimization of Growth Parameters for Elevated Production of Mycoprotein\u2014Fusarium venenatum Using Response Surface Methodology","volume":"8","author":"Prakash","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1251","article-title":"Design of Medium Components for the Enhanced Production of Mycoprotein by Fusarium venenatum Using Plackett Burman Model","volume":"6","author":"Prakash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c08509","article-title":"Efficient Mycoprotein Production with Low CO2 Emissions through Metabolic Engineering and Fermentation Optimization of Fusarium venenatum","volume":"72","author":"Tong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19462","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c06071","article-title":"Synchronous Bioproduction of Betanin and Mycoprotein in the Engineered Edible Fungus Fusarium venenatum","volume":"72","author":"Tong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.146123","article-title":"Enhanced mycoprotein extraction via cell wall disruption: A promising alternative protein with preferable digestibility and lubrication over soy protein","volume":"493","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakratsas, G., Polydera, A., Nilson, O., Chatzikonstantinou, A.V., Xiros, C., Katapodis, P., and Stamatis, H. (2023). Mycoprotein Production by Submerged Fermentation of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus in a Batch Stirred Tank Bioreactor Using Agro-Industrial Hydrolysate. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12122295"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01084-21","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01084-21","article-title":"The Monod Model Is Insufficient to Explain Biomass Growth in Nitrogen-Limited Yeast Fermentation","volume":"87","author":"Henriques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/8\/1709\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:30:02Z","timestamp":1785832202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/8\/1709"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14081709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14081709","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}}}