{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:44:26Z","timestamp":1785930266599,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2024B03017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024B03017"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region \u2018Tianshan Talent Training Program\u2019","award":["2024TSYCCX0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024TSYCCX0017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhizosphere microorganisms play critical roles in biogeochemical processes including carbon cycling; however, their linkages to carbon-cycling functions under distinct mine restoration approaches remain unclear. In this study, we compared natural and artificial vegetation restoration via metagenomic sequencing to characterize rhizosphere microbial communities and carbon-cycling functional genes. Artificial restoration (AR) decreased soil electrical conductivity (EC) and salt content (SC) while increasing total phosphorus and available phosphorus by 12.33% and 16.44%, respectively. AR also elevated the relative abundances of genes responsible for degrading aromatic compounds, lignin and starch, along with genes participating in carbon-fixation pathways. Taxa of the Actinomycetia, Chloroflexi, and Solirubrobacterales served as the primary contributors to genes encoding 2-isopropylmalate synthase, \u03b1-glucosidase, malate synthase, and \u03b1-mannosidase, as well as carbon-fixation-related genes, including aconitate hydratase (ACO), methylmalonyl-CoA mutase subunit (E5.4.99.2A), pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (ppdK), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (ppc). Moreover, the relative abundances of carbon-fixation genes exhibited significant positive correlations with EC, SC, nitrate nitrogen (NO3\u2212-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N). Overall, microorganisms in AR soils hold relatively high genetic potential for carbon sequestration and decomposition. Such rhizosphere carbon-cycling functions are jointly shaped by restoration strategies and vegetation community composition, and our findings offer key theoretical support for mine ecological restoration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T12:32:43Z","timestamp":1785846763000},"page":"1713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dominant Effect of Ecological Restoration on Microbial Carbon Cycle in Plant Rhizosphere of Mining Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yabo","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haishan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Sayr Energy Co., Ltd., Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County 834400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Sayr Energy Co., Ltd., Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County 834400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4981-1176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honglin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.291","article-title":"Some developments and new insights of environmental problems and deep mining strategy for cleaner production in mines","volume":"210","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"100004","article-title":"Research progress in mining ecological restoration technology","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ind. Saf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150626","article-title":"The effect of different restoration approaches on vegetation development in metal mines","volume":"806","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120244","article-title":"Soil microbial communities\u2019 contributions to soil ecosystem multifunctionality in the natural restoration of abandoned metal mines","volume":"353","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108339","article-title":"Effects of anthropogenic revegetation on the water and carbon cycles of a desert steppe ecosystem","volume":"300","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.152928","article-title":"Soil carbon sequestration\u2014An interplay between soil microbial community and soil organic matter dynamics","volume":"815","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0265-7","article-title":"Soil microbiomes and climate change","volume":"18","author":"Jansson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17105","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2017.105","article-title":"The importance of anabolism in microbial control over soil carbon storage","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-021-00333-1","article-title":"The global carbon sink potential of terrestrial vegetation can be increased substantially by optimal land management","volume":"3","author":"Sha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127878","article-title":"Comprehensive effects of different restoration modes on the ecological environment of abandoned land in typical oinling mining areas: A systematic study based on PTEs pollution-vegetation-soil conditions","volume":"396","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.09.012","article-title":"High-priority actions to improve carbon sequestration potential for mining ecological restoration in China","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"116","article-title":"Research on the estimation method of carbon sequestration benefits for ecological restoration of abandoned mines: Taking Xingguo County in Jiangxi Province as an example","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"China Min. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"3386","article-title":"Effects of vegetation types on carbon cycle functional genes in reclaimed soil from open pit mines in the Loess Plateau","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2010.02.014","article-title":"Vegetation community and soil characteristics of abandoned agricultural land and pine plantation in the Qinling Mountains, China","volume":"259","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"60","article-title":"Effects of different types of vegetation restoration on physical and chemical properties of soil in mining wasteland: A case study of Jiaozuo Fengshan Park","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Henan Polytech. Univ. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.252","article-title":"Influence of different revegetation choices on plant community and soil development nine years after initial planting on a reclaimed coal gob pile in the Shanxi mining area, China","volume":"618","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22106","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2244-3","article-title":"Restoration with pioneer plants changes soil properties and remodels the diversity and structure of bacterial communities in rhizosphere and bulk soil of copper mine tailings in Jiangxi Province, China","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.122200","article-title":"Critical steps in the restoration of coal mine soils: Microbial-accelerated soil reconstruction","volume":"368","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wang, B., Wang, Z., He, W., Wang, Y., Liu, L., and Yang, H. (2024). The response of rhizosphere microbial C and N-cycling gene abundance of sand-fixing shrub to stand age following desert restoration. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091752"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2025.108580","article-title":"Metagenomics and plant-microbe symbioses: Microbial community dynamics, functional roles in carbon sequestration, nitrogen transformation, sulfur and phosphorus mobilization for sustainable soil health","volume":"82","author":"Wani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.049","article-title":"The evolution and productivity of carbon fixation pathways in response to changes in oxygen concentration over geological time","volume":"140","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"102","article-title":"Study on the interannual dynamic characteristics of groundwater in the northern part of Yili River Valley","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Ren, J. (2020). Study on the Evolution and Driving Force of Surface Ecological Environment in Western Ili Basin Based on NDVI. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Institute of Disaster Prevention]."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"267","article-title":"Distribution and compositions of loess sediments in Yili Basin, Central Asia","volume":"30","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Bao, S.D. (2000). Soil Agrochemical Analysis, China Agriculture Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2021.104296","article-title":"Rhizosphere effect alters the soil microbiome composition and C, N transformation in an arid ecosystem","volume":"170","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2024.109371","article-title":"Shifts in C-degradation genes and microbial metabolic activity with vegetation types affected the surface soil organic carbon pool","volume":"192","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.254","article-title":"Connecting biodiversity and potential functional role in modern euxinic environments by microbial metagenomics","volume":"9","author":"Yooseph","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2021.108362","article-title":"Altered microbial CAZyme families indicated dead biomass decomposition following afforestation","volume":"160","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174529","article-title":"Metagenomic insights into microbial variation and carbon cycling function in crop rotation systems","volume":"947","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9465-8","article-title":"Heat stress mediates changes in fecal microbiome and functional pathways of laying hens","volume":"103","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135243","article-title":"Variations of soil microbial communities accompanied by different vegetation restoration in an open-cut iron mining area","volume":"704","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Su, L. (2023). Improved Effect Study of Salt-Tolerant Plants in the Mining Area\u2014Taking Dananhu Coal Mine in Hami, Xinjiang as an Example. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Xinjiang Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178808","article-title":"Exploring the contribution of vegetation and climate factors to changes in terrestrial evapotranspiration in China","volume":"967","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2023.105518","article-title":"Root exudation as a strategy for plants to deal with salt stress: An updated review","volume":"216","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2023.105262","article-title":"Response of the rhizosphere soil microbial diversity to different nitrogen and phosphorus application rates in a hulless barley and pea mixed-cropping system","volume":"195","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3992\/1573-2377-374X-1.1.32","article-title":"Improving mine rehabilitation success through microbial management","volume":"1","author":"Wildman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Solut. Oil Gas Min."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2022.107867","article-title":"The impact of crop diversification, tillage and fertilization type on soil total microbial, fungal and bacterial abundance: A worldwide Meta-Analysis of agricultural sites","volume":"329","author":"Insolia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-023-06395-8","article-title":"Grasses mixture-planting rather than fertilization depresses soil microbial diversity in an alpine artificial grassland","volume":"506","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56418","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14337-z","article-title":"Soil Characteristics and Microbial Community Response in Rare Earth Mining Areas in Southern Jiangxi Province, China","volume":"28","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70995","article-title":"Why, when, and how microbes can benefit ecological restorations: Current approaches and future directions","volume":"250","author":"Crawford","year":"2026","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2026.110147","article-title":"Microbial functional shifts under decades-long warming and nitrogen deposition accelerate carbon turnover in desert grassland topsoils","volume":"217","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2004.00762.x","article-title":"Effects of an experimental drought on soil emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide in a moist tropical forest","volume":"10","author":"Davidson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bacterial community characteristics of different shrub soils in a semi-arid area of northwest Shanxi","volume":"44","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejar.2015.04.003","article-title":"Amylase activity of aquatic actinomycetes isolated from the sediments of mangrove forests in south of Iran","volume":"41","author":"Kafilzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Aquat. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023641806194","article-title":"Production and characterization of thermostable cellulases from Streptomyces transformant T3-1","volume":"19","author":"Jang","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1023\/B:WIBI.0000007287.03281.dd","article-title":"A novel strain of Streptomyces malaysiensis isolated from Brazilian soil produces high endo-1,4-xylanase titres","volume":"19","author":"Marques","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1023\/B:WIBI.0000013278.24679.ed","article-title":"High activity xylanase production by Streptomyces olivaceoviridis E-86","volume":"20","author":"Ding","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-011-0688-4","article-title":"Studies on the ecology of actinomycetes in an agricultural soil amended with organic residues: II. Assessment of enzymatic activities of Actinomycetales isolates","volume":"27","author":"Sonia","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2022.104421","article-title":"Linking carbon-degrading enzyme activity to microbial carbon-use trophic strategy under salinization in a subtropical tidal wetland","volume":"174","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-016-0440-2","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of microbial consortia enriched from compost: New insights into the role of Actinobacteria in lignocellulose decomposition","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168187","article-title":"Paddy cultivation in degraded karst wetland soil can significantly improve the physiological and ecological functions of carbon-fixing resident microorganisms","volume":"909","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171179","article-title":"Assessment of carbon sequestration potential of mining areas under ecological restoration in China","volume":"921","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"4590","article-title":"Resilience and synergy\/trade-off relationship of soil\u2013vegetation system in dump reclamation of surface coal mines on the Loess Plateau","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7152","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00506","article-title":"Community structure and soil pH determine chemoautotrophic carbon dioxide fixation in drained paddy soils","volume":"49","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2020.06.010","article-title":"Molecular understanding of autotrophic CO2-fixing bacterial communities in composting based on RuBisCO genes analysis","volume":"320","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12554","article-title":"Effects of plant diversity on soil carbon in diverse ecosystems: A global meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159470","article-title":"Bedrock outcrops weakly promote rather than inhibit soil carbon sequestration after vegetation restoration","volume":"858","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2026.110199","article-title":"Permanent land use and microbial contributions shape soil organic carbon stabilization in lake floodplains","volume":"220","author":"Rabearison","year":"2026","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.129781","article-title":"Long-Term vegetation restoration enhances soil carbon sequestration along a 170-Year chronosequence","volume":"406","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2026.110162","article-title":"Microbial lifestyles driven by C: N stoichiometric imbalance govern responses of carbon metabolism to nitrogen addition","volume":"218","author":"Kang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/8\/1713\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:51:13Z","timestamp":1785927073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/8\/1713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14081713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14081713","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}}}