{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:30:43Z","timestamp":1786595443487,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012655","name":"Universidad de Antofagasta","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FTE22-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FTE22-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["FTE22-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FTE22-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04eyc6d95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lichens are mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus (mycobiont) and an alga or cyanobacteria (photobiont), forming metabolically versatile holobionts capable of producing diverse secondary metabolites that facilitate their survival in extreme environments. Chrysothrix species, commonly known as \u201cgold dust lichens,\u201d are characterized by their vivid yellow thalli and their production of pulvinic acid derivatives, although their bioactive potential remains poorly explored. In this study, using organic chemistry techniques, we characterized the methanolic extract of Chrysothrix sp.\u2014collected from the Paposo Fog Oasis in northern Chile, a unique coastal ecosystem sustained by persistent fog (\u201ccamanchacas\u201d) within the Atacama Desert\u2014and identified calycin as its major secondary metabolite through chromatographic purification and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Antibacterial assays revealed that both the crude methanolic extract and purified calycin exhibited selective inhibitory activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive ESKAPE-E pathogens. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) ranged from 125 to 500 \u03bcg\/mL, with the strongest effects observed against Enterococcus faecium (MDR, VRE) and Staphylococcus aureus (MDR, MRSA). No meaningful activity was detected against Gram-negative bacteria, consistent with the known permeability barrier conferred by the outer membrane. This work provides the first evidence of antibacterial activity for calycin isolated from Chrysothrix sp., highlighting the relevance of pulvinic acid derivatives as promising scaffolds for antimicrobial development. These findings highlight the potential of lichen-derived agents and alternative sources of antibacterial agents to address the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:11:16Z","timestamp":1786439476000},"page":"1766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chrysothrix sp., a Lichen from Paposo Fog Oasis: Antibacterial Potential to Combat Multidrug-Resistant ESKAPE-E Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9440-8577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mart\u00edn I.","family":"Escalona-Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4971-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Dzul-Beh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Yucat\u00e1n, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Merida 97150, Yucatan, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2990-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Biom\u00e9dico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9312-1455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Cort\u00e9s Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-2457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1803-9272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"B\u00f3rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3961-6449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria Mar\u00eda","family":"Molina Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Yucat\u00e1n, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Merida 97150, Yucatan, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2122-6660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio R.","family":"Orrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Biom\u00e9dico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00431A","article-title":"Secondary Metabolism in the Lichen Symbiosis","volume":"47","author":"Calcott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. 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