{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:30:20Z","timestamp":1786681820120,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031587","name":"NOOS S.r.l","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although most upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) have a viral etiology, antibiotics are widely prescribed, thus contributing substantially to antimicrobial resistance. This study investigated the potential beneficial effects of a novel strain, Limosilactobacillus reuteri LMG P-27481, against major URT pathobionts (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae) with the aim of reducing or delaying antibiotic use. Antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities were evaluated using L. reuteri alone or combined with resveratrol, a natural compound with antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Both agents inhibited pathogen growth, while their combination showed additive antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria. Antioxidant assays demonstrated significant antioxidant capacity for both agents, with enhanced effects in combination in NBT and ABTS assays but antagonistic in ORAC. Immune mediators (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-25, IL-33, CCL17, CCL22) were assessed in epidermal, epithelial, and macrophage cell lines, together with epidermal integrity markers (Filaggrin, Loricrin, Involucrin) in a 3D reconstructed human skin model (EpiDermFTTM). L. reuteri, resveratrol, and their combination exerted cell-specific effects in the different models, modulating cytokine expression and production, and barrier integrity. Our findings support the potential efficacy of oral L. reuteri LMG P-27481 plus resveratrol in URTIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:57:26Z","timestamp":1786521446000},"page":"1771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibacterial and Immunomodulatory Effects of Limosilactobacillus reuteri LMG P-27481 and Resveratrol Relevant for the Control of Upper Respiratory Tract Pathobionts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4452-9753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Mattioli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-5668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Di Risola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Sivori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Virology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6396-4603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ornella","family":"Franzese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1981-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Genovese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmental Faculty of Medicine, Unicamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Mastromarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2748-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Mosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Research in Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Upper Respiratory Infections Otitis Media Collaborators (2025). 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