{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:33:41Z","timestamp":1787045621801,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015336","name":"National Modern Agriculture Industry Technology System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CARS-45-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-45-20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, ECSFR, CAFS","award":["2025YJ03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YJ03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aquaculture effluent commonly contains suspended solids, inorganic nitrogen, reactive phosphate and algal biomass, creating a need for low-input ecological treatment approaches. This study assessed endpoint water-quality and bacterial-community responses to Bellamya stocking density in aquaculture effluent. A no-snail control (CON) and four stocking-density treatments (LD, MD, MHD and HD) were established with three independent tank replicates per treatment. Suspended solids (SS), NH4+-N, NO2\u2212-N, NO3\u2212-N, PO43\u2212-P and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) were quantified, and bacterial communities were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3\u2013V4 region. At the 60-day endpoint, all Bellamya-stocked treatments had lower NH4+-N and NO3\u2212-N concentrations than the control, and MHD and HD also had lower PO43\u2212-P and Chl-a. SS showed a nonsignificant downward tendency, whereas NO2\u2212-N showed a nonsignificant upward tendency. Bray\u2013Curtis NMDS visualized treatment-associated separation, and PERMANOVA detected significant differences among treatments (R2 = 0.62, p = 0.001; stress = 0.0822). However, PERMDISP was also significant (F4,10 = 4.99, p = 0.001), indicating heterogeneous within-treatment dispersion and requiring cautious interpretation of the PERMANOVA result. Representative genera showed distinct treatment-associated abundance patterns, and 46 of 90 genus\u2013environment associations remained significant after Benjamini\u2013Hochberg correction. Predicted KEGG Level 3 pathways varied numerically among treatments, but none remained significant after false-discovery-rate correction. These findings indicate that Bellamya stocking may provide a low-input ecological component of aquaculture-effluent management, while the microbiome results should be interpreted as community-level associations and predicted functional trends rather than evidence of microbial causality or pathway activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:42:17Z","timestamp":1786974137000},"page":"1813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Bellamya Stocking Density on Water Quality and Bacterial Community Responses in Aquaculture Effluent"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 63 Chifeng Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huichao","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6080-9491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 63 Chifeng Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 63 Chifeng Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 63 Chifeng Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2024). 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