{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:55:12Z","timestamp":1787072112840,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yulin City Science and Technology Program","award":["2025-CXY-071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-CXY-071"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is a major agricultural byproduct whose complex lignocellulosic matrix hinders direct reuse and poses environmental risks when stockpiled. This study evaluated whether pretreatment with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) could enhance SMS as a soil amendment for blueberry cultivation. Two PGPR-treated SMS formulations, along with raw SMS and a blank control, were applied to blueberry seedlings in a 10-month greenhouse experiment. Plant height, rhizosphere soil nutrients, enzyme activities, lignocellulose fractions, and the microbial communities were monitored over three growth phases and four sampling points. PGPR-treated SMS significantly increased blueberry height gain during the fast-growing phase (June\u2013September) and sustained elevated levels of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium throughout the experiment. Activities of cellulase, xylanase, laccase, peroxidase, protease, and lipase were markedly enhanced, accompanied by reduced lignin and cellulose contents and persistently high glucose availability. The amendments reshaped bacterial and fungal communities, enriching Bacillota, Acidobacteriota, Acidibacter, and Hyphomicrobium, and increasing alpha diversity, with clear structural separation from controls in principal coordinate analysis. Correlation and principal component analyses linked improved plant growth to nutrient availability, enzyme stimulation, and specific microbial taxa. These findings indicate that PGPR-treated SMS acts as a multifunctional amendment that promotes lignocellulose degradation, sustains soil fertility, and restructures the rhizosphere microbiome, offering a sustainable recycling strategy for horticultural production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:12:11Z","timestamp":1787069531000},"page":"1827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PGPR-Treated Spent Mushroom Substrate Enhances Lignocellulose Degradation, Enzyme Activities, and Microbial Restructuring to Sustain Blueberry Rhizosphere Fertility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1385-0480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengjiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Qinba Resource and Ecological Environment Jointly Established by the Ministry and Ministry of Education (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Bioresources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0145-4743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ningqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Qinba Resource and Ecological Environment Jointly Established by the Ministry and Ministry of Education (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Bioresources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-6020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinku","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Qinba Resource and Ecological Environment Jointly Established by the Ministry and Ministry of Education (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Bioresources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haicui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612829666221223103756","article-title":"The health-promoting potential of edible mushroom proteins","volume":"29","author":"Sousa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. 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