{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T04:22:22Z","timestamp":1787458942901,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009110","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024D01B41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024D01B41"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of the Autonomous Region","award":["2023A02007-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A02007-2"]}]},{"name":"Nationally Funded Postdoctoral Program","award":["GZC20241431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20241431"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31960695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31960695"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["31960695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31960695"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the pathological processes by which two Salmonella strains induce orchitis and impair spermatogenesis in mice, with emphasis on inflammation and blood\u2013testis barrier (BTB) integrity. Thirty male Kunming mice were randomly assigned to the human-derived Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis H71 group, the sheep-derived Salmonella enterica serovar Agona W42 group, or the phosphate-buffered saline control group (n = 10 per group). An acute orchitis model was established by intrascrotal injection. Histopathological examination revealed marked testicular and epididymal lesions, disruption of the spermatogenic epithelium, and reduced sperm abundance in infected mice. Transcriptomic analysis identified 4546 differentially expressed genes shared by the two infected groups and showed enrichment of the Toll-like receptor (TLR), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Real-time quantitative PCR further showed increased expression of interleukin 6 (Il6), interleukin 1 beta (Il1b), and tumor necrosis factor (Tnf), accompanied by reduced expression of tight junction protein 1 (Tjp1), occludin (Ocln), and synaptonemal complex protein 3 (Sycp3) in infected mice (p &lt; 0.05), except for Tjp1 in the W42 group. These findings indicate that Salmonella-induced inflammatory activation is associated with BTB disruption and impaired spermatogenesis, providing a basis for further investigation of bacterial orchitis and zoonotic reproductive risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:14:01Z","timestamp":1787300041000},"page":"1862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Salmonella Infection Induces Orchitis and Disrupts the Blood\u2013Testis Barrier, Leading to Spermatogenic Disorders in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yingchao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qirui","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaolong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, 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Clinical Veterinary Medicine Research, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Herbivorous Animal Biomedicine and Diagnostic Technology Engineering Research Center, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanqiang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Urumqi Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Regional Key Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Research, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Herbivorous Animal Biomedicine and Diagnostic Technology Engineering Research Center, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Urumqi Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Regional Key Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Research, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Herbivorous Animal Biomedicine and Diagnostic Technology Engineering Research Center, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shicheng","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aili","family":"Aierken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4606-8444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Urumqi Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Regional Key Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Research, Urumqi 830052, 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