{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T15:31:33Z","timestamp":1787326293889,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program","award":["2023FY100804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023FY100804"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012547","name":"Guangxi Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024GXNSFBA010359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GXNSFBA010359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012547","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012547","name":"Guangxi Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023GXNSFAA026466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GXNSFAA026466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012547","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Base & Talents Fund","award":["GUIKE AD2401006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUIKE AD2401006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candidatus Hepatincolaceae is a poorly characterized family of obligate Alphaproteobacterial symbionts that are widely detected in ecdysozoans. They were previously assumed to play a nutrient-scavenging role in the gut lumen. In this study, two high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs, 1.39 Mb and 1.48 Mb in size) were recovered from the gut of the snapping shrimp Alpheus brevicristatus via metagenomic sequencing. Phylogenetic and whole-genome similarity analyses confirm that these two MAGs represent two novel, undescribed genera within the family Ca. Hepatincolaceae. Metabolic reconstruction reveals that they not only retain the canonical nutrient-scavenging pathways conserved across all Hepatincolaceae members, but also encode previously undocumented functional modules for antioxidant defense, vitamin B1 and B2 biosynthesis, and short-chain fatty acid production. They maintain a high oxygen-affinity cytochrome bd terminal oxidase to thrive in the anoxic gut microenvironment. Consistent with their symbiotic lifestyle, their genomes exhibit typical signatures of reductive evolution, such as reduced genome size, low GC content, and gene loss in amino acid and nucleotide de novo biosynthesis pathways. This study presents the first reported high-quality genomes of marine Ca. Hepatincolaceae symbionts, which are predicted to possess multiple metabolic functions extending beyond nutritional mutualism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:20:36Z","timestamp":1787322036000},"page":"1864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hepatincolaceae (Alphaproteobacteria) Symbionts of Snapping Shrimp Alpheus brevicristatus: Genomic Capacity for Functions Beyond Nutrient Scavenging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6504-9911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang-Chao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Laboratory of Oceanography, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Pei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Laboratory of Oceanography, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9057-6318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Laboratory of Oceanography, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun-Jian","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Laboratory of Oceanography, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu-Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Laboratory of Oceanography, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Laboratory of Oceanography, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"},{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218525110","article-title":"Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences","volume":"110","author":"Hadfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. 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