{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:25:42Z","timestamp":1787743542798,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008867","name":"General Scientific Research Project of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y202352511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202352511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Y202352511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202352511"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05gj07w56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005356","name":"Basic Scientific Research Special Funds of Zhejiang Shuren University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025XZ033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025XZ033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005356","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025XZ033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025XZ033"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0331z5r71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017710","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Collaboration Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025SNJF087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025SNJF087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025SNJF087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025SNJF087"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00p3rhk10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The invasive golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) threatens rice agroecosystems, yet its direct density-dependent effects on flooded paddy soil biogeochemistry and bacterial communities remain unclear. We established flooded soil microcosms with four snail densities (0, 2, 4, and 6 snails\/box) for 20 days, without external food inputs. Soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3\u2212-N), and the activities of \u03b2-glucosidase, N-acetyl-\u03b2-D-glucosaminidase, urease, and dehydrogenase were measured, and bacterial communities were characterized by full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Snail density was significantly and positively related to all three nutrient variables and all four enzyme activities. The dominant bacterial phyla and genera remained stable, and bacterial \u03b1-diversity changed little among treatments, despite a small but significant increase in Simpson diversity in the high-density treatment. PERMANOVA detected significant differences in overall bacterial community structure among density treatments, while environmental fitting identified DOC, urease, and dehydrogenase as variables significantly associated with community variation. These findings indicate that living golden apple snails can alter nutrient availability, soil biochemical activity, and bacterial community organization in flooded paddy soil, revealing a belowground pathway through which this invader may influence paddy ecosystem functioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14091895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:59:23Z","timestamp":1787741963000},"page":"1895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Density-Dependent Effects of Invasive Pomacea canaliculata on Nutrient Status, Enzyme Activities, and Bacterial Community Structure in Flooded Paddy Soil Microcosms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chun\u2019an County Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou 311700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3947-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangliang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tan","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqin","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5291-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Research Progress on the Damage and Management of Apple Snails(Ampullariider: Pomacea) in Paddy Fields","volume":"28","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. 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