{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:21:13Z","timestamp":1788326473780,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZR2024QD228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024QD228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZR2024QE317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024QE317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014761","name":"Qingdao Municipal Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24\u20134\u20134-zrjj-46-jch"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24\u20134\u20134-zrjj-46-jch"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Opening Project of the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Air Quality and Environmental Health","award":["FDLAP25004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDLAP25004"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Air Quality and Environmental Health","award":["FDLAP24008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDLAP24008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Airborne bacteria exhibit high taxonomic diversity and a well-documented capacity to influence human health through pathogenic infection, allergenic sensitization, and immunomodulatory or commensal exposure. However, characterization of the airborne bacterial community structure, and particularly the seasonal dynamics, size-resolved distribution, and functional potential of predicted potential pathogens in Qingdao, a coastal megacity on the Yellow Sea, remains limited. Results revealed pronounced seasonal variation in community structure: Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Escherichia\u2013Shigella, and Klebsiella were consistently dominant across all samples. LEfSe analysis identified Staphylococcus as significantly enriched in autumn, supporting its utility as a robust seasonal biomarker (LDA &gt; 3.5, p &lt; 0.05). This genus is predominantly associated with human sources and comprises opportunistic pathogens, thereby posing a potential risk to human health. Significant compositional divergence between summer and autumn communities was observed as a higher beta deviation index, whereas there were no statistically significant differences between particle size groups. The Chao and Shannon indices were consistently higher in PM10 than in PM2.5 across all seasons; however, this size-associated difference reached statistical significance only for autumn PM10 (p &lt; 0.05), indicating a seasonally amplified effect of coarse particulate matter on microbial richness and evenness. These analyses provide new insight into the total airborne bacterial and potential pathogens in an urban coastal environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14091924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:05:26Z","timestamp":1788224726000},"page":"1924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seasonal Variation of Airborne Bacteria and Potential Pathogens Adhere to Fine and Coarse Particles in a Coastal City"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yunhan","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Synergistic Control of Complex Multi-Media Pollution, School of Environment and Geography Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yidan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Synergistic Control of Complex Multi-Media Pollution, School of Environment and Geography Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tingfu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Synergistic Control of Complex Multi-Media Pollution, School of Environment and Geography Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Changliang","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Synergistic Control of Complex Multi-Media Pollution, School of Environment and Geography Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xueyun","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lingyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Synergistic Control of Complex Multi-Media Pollution, School of Environment and Geography Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yoshizumi","family":"Kajii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Synergistic Control of Complex Multi-Media Pollution, School of Environment and Geography Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220050","DOI":"10.1360\/nso\/20220050","article-title":"Bioaerosol Nexus of Air Quality, Climate System and Human Health","volume":"2","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natl. 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