{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:13:55Z","timestamp":1788437635586,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The family Pasteurellaceae includes pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria affecting poultry, yet taxonomic resolution remains challenging due to phenotypic heterogeneity, limited genomic representation, and the poor performance of routine diagnostic systems for uncommon taxa. At the Clemson Veterinary Diagnostic Center, a Gram-negative bacterium was isolated from a backyard hen. The isolate produced two distinct colony morphotypes with identical biochemical profiles. They were misidentified as Sphingomonas paucimobilis by VITEK\u00ae 2, while MALDI-TOF MS failed to identify them. Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing with PacBio HiFi polishing generated near-complete chromosome-level assemblies. Comparative genomic analyses demonstrated that morphotypes CVDC-smooth and CVDC-rough represent clonal variants of a distinct Spirabiliibacterium lineage sharing 93% average nucleotide identity (ANI) and 52% digital DNA\u2013DNA hybridization (dDDH) with the closest relative, Spirabiliibacterium mucosae. Copy-number variation within a tandemly duplicated ~20 kb genomic region may contribute to differences in colony morphology. Family-wide analysis identified lineage-associated gene patterns and a limited number of VFDB-matched virulence genes in the CVDC isolates. This study identifies a distinct lineage within the genus Spirabiliibacterium, reports the first isolation and chromosome-level genome assemblies of a Spirabiliibacterium lineage from a chicken in the United States, and highlights the limitations of routine diagnostic methods for identifying uncommon bacterial taxa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14091953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:08:53Z","timestamp":1788433733000},"page":"1953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Genomic Analysis of Clonal Variants of a Spirabiliibacterium Lineage Recovered from a Chicken in the United States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2023-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lakshmi T.","family":"Sunkara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC 29229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4140-0855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Reddy","family":"Peasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC 29229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC 29229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Kakani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC 29229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tanit","family":"Kasantikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Harbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Kingdom Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Inc., Exeter OX4 4DQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2548-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurice","family":"Byukusenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, E. (2014). The family Pasteurellaceae. The Prokaryotes: Gammaproteobacteria, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38922-1"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Rezaei, N. (2022). Francisella, Brucella and Pasteurella. Encyclopedia of Infection and Immunity, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.05.018","article-title":"The role of RTX toxins in host specificity of animal pathogenic Pasteurellaceae","volume":"153","author":"Frey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458608436271","article-title":"A new facultatively anaerobic gram-negative fermentative rod obtained from different pathological lesions in poultry and tentatively designated taxon 14","volume":"15","author":"Bisgaard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6613019","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/6613019","article-title":"Fowl cholera in chickens: Current trends in diagnosis and phenotypic drug resistance in Gondar City, Ethiopia","volume":"2024","author":"Geda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"39","article-title":"The key surface components of Pasteurella multocida: Capsule and lipopolysaccharide","volume":"361","author":"Harper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0206-z","article-title":"Bacterial determinants of importance in the virulence of Gallibacterium anatis in poultry","volume":"46","author":"Persson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459708419228","article-title":"Avian pasteurellosis: Taxonomy of the organisms involved and aspects of pathogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Christensen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(11)80487-1","article-title":"Ecology and significance of Pasteurellaceae in animals","volume":"279","author":"Bisgaard","year":"1993","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bisgaard, M., and Christensen, H. (2019). Classification of Bisgaard\u2019s taxa 14 and 32 and a taxon from kestrels demonstrating satellitic growth and proposal of Spirabiliibacterium gen. nov., including three species: S. mucosae sp. nov., S. pneumoniae sp. nov., and S. falconis sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 71.","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004758"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hafez, M.H. (2007). Further investigations on the involvement of Taxon 14 in upper respiratory tract infections and blepharoconjunctivitis in turkeys. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Turkey Production, Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.041525-0","article-title":"Misidentification of Burkholderia pseudomallei as Burkholderia cepacia by the VITEK 2 system","volume":"61","author":"Zong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01290-13","article-title":"Reliability of automated biochemical identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei is regionally dependent","volume":"51","author":"Podin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuchida, S., Umemura, H., and Nakayama, T. (2020). Current Status of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in Clinical Diagnostic Microbiology. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204775"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3491","article-title":"A functional perspective on phenotypic heterogeneity in microorganisms","volume":"13","author":"Ackermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"uqad041","DOI":"10.1093\/femsml\/uqad041","article-title":"Colony morphotype diversification as a signature of bacterial evolution","volume":"4","author":"Kovacs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microlife"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2023.147359","article-title":"Foremost report of the whole genome of Spirabiliibacterium mucosae from India and comparative genomics of the novel genus Spirabiliibacterium","volume":"867","author":"Karthik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kweon, O.J., Lim, Y.K., Kim, H.R., Kim, T.H., Ha, S.M., and Lee, M.K. (2020). Isolation of a novel species in the genus Cupriavidus from a patient with sepsis using whole genome sequencing. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232850"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-020-1935-5","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in long-read sequencing data analysis","volume":"21","author":"Amarasinghe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1103-0","article-title":"The Oxford Nanopore MinION: Delivery of nanopore sequencing to the genomics community","volume":"17","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2015.08.002","article-title":"PacBio Sequencing and Its Applications","volume":"13","author":"Rhoads","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Luca, E. (2021). Comparative genomics analyses support the reclassification of Bisgaard taxon 40 as Mergibacter gen. nov. with Mergibacter septicus sp. nov. as Type Species: Novel Insights Into the Phylogeny and Virulence Factors of a Pasteurellaceae Family Member Associated with Mortality Events in Seabirds. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.667356"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"giab008","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008","article-title":"Twelve years of SAMtools and BCFtools","volume":"10","author":"Danecek","year":"2021","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","article-title":"The Sequence Alignment\/Map format and SAMtools","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty149","article-title":"NanoPack: Visualizing and processing long-read sequencing data","volume":"34","author":"Schultz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, W., Le, S., Li, Y., and Hu, F. (2016). SeqKit: A Cross-Platform and Ultrafast Toolkit for FASTA\/Q File Manipulation. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163962"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"btaf474","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaf474","article-title":"Autocycler: Long-read consensus assembly for bacterial genomes","volume":"41","author":"Wick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz891","article-title":"NextPolish: A fast and efficient genome polishing tool for long-read assembly","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv383","article-title":"Bandage: Interactive visualization of de novo genome assemblies","volume":"31","author":"Wick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbs017","article-title":"Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV): High-performance genomics data visualization and exploration","volume":"14","author":"Thorvaldsdottir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-020-02134-9","article-title":"Merqury: Reference-free quality, completeness, and phasing assessment for genome assemblies","volume":"21","author":"Rhie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086","article-title":"QUAST: Quality assessment tool for genome assemblies","volume":"29","author":"Gurevich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv351","article-title":"BUSCO: Assessing genome assembly and annotation completeness with single-copy orthologs","volume":"31","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: Rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14826.1","article-title":"Open-access bacterial population genomics: BIGSdb software, the PubMLST.org website and their applications","volume":"3","author":"Jolley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz848","article-title":"GTDB-Tk: A toolkit to classify genomes with the Genome Taxonomy Database","volume":"36","author":"Chaumeil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4163","article-title":"KBase: The United States Department of Energy Systems Biology Knowledgebase","volume":"36","author":"Arkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0","article-title":"Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty191","article-title":"Minimap2: Pairwise alignment for nucleotide sequences","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu088","article-title":"Automated Reconstruction of Whole-Genome Phylogenies from Short-Sequence Reads","volume":"31","author":"Bertels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07641-9","article-title":"High throughput ANI analysis of 90K prokaryotic genomes reveals clear species boundaries","volume":"9","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meier-Kolthoff, J.P., Auch, A.F., Klenk, H.P., and Goker, M. (2013). Genome sequence-based species delimitation with confidence intervals and improved distance functions. BMC Bioinform., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-60"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.002516","article-title":"Proposed minimal standards for the use of genome data for the taxonomy of prokaryotes","volume":"68","author":"Chun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"006300","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.006300","article-title":"Update on the proposed minimal standards for the use of genome data for the taxonomy of prokaryotes","volume":"74","author":"Riesco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Seemann, T., and Trujillo, M.E. (2026, September 01). snp-dists: Pairwise SNP Distance Matrix from a FASTA Sequence Alignment [Software]. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/tseemann\/snp-dists."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv421","article-title":"Roary: Rapid large-scale prokaryote pan genome analysis","volume":"31","author":"Page","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-024-03233-7","article-title":"Scoary2: Rapid association of phenotypic multi-omics data with microbial pan-genomes","volume":"25","author":"Roder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D687","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1080","article-title":"VFDB 2019: A comparative pathogenomic platform with an interactive web interface","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks261","article-title":"Identification of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes","volume":"67","author":"Zankari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"D517","article-title":"CARD 2020: Antibiotic resistome surveillance with the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"48","author":"Alcock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D678","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1003","article-title":"Introducing the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC): A resource combining PATRIC, IRD and ViPR","volume":"51","author":"Olson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1754","article-title":"Integrative genomics viewer","volume":"29","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antao, A., Burton, J.D., Dawson, D., Gemmill, J., Gerstener, Z., Godfrey, B., Groel, S., Jordan, Z., Ligon, B., and Smith, D. (2024, January 21\u201325). Modernizing Clemson University\u2019s Palmetto Cluster: Lessons Learned from 17 Years of HPC Administration. Proceedings of the Practice and Experience in Advanced Research Computing 2024: Human Powered Computing, Providence, RI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3626203.3670543"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(02)01030-3","article-title":"Characterisation of the katA gene encoding a catalase and evidence for at least a second catalase activity in Staphylococcus xylosus, bacteria used in food fermentation","volume":"216","author":"Barriere","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.31.5.668-679.1976","article-title":"Use of a quantitative oxidase test for characterizing oxidative metabolism in bacteria","volume":"31","author":"Jurtshuk","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7460","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.21.7460-7465.2004","article-title":"Molecular basis of the indole-negative reaction in Shigella strains: Extensive damages to the tna operon by insertion sequences","volume":"186","author":"Rezwan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pightling, A.W., Pettengill, J.B., Luo, Y., Baugher, J.D., Rand, H., and Strain, E. (2018). Interpreting Whole-Genome Sequence Analyses of Foodborne Bacteria for Regulatory Applications and Outbreak Investigations. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01482"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.01.041","article-title":"Genomic characterization of Pasteurella multocida HB01, a serotype A bovine isolate from China","volume":"581","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00014-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00014-19","article-title":"Pasteurella multocida: Genotypes and Genomics","volume":"83","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.4.1377-1386.1997","article-title":"Identification of the ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose-6-epimerase (rfaD) and heptosyltransferase II (rfaF) biosynthesis genes from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae 2019","volume":"65","author":"Nichols","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12056","article-title":"Masquerading microbial pathogens: Capsular polysaccharides mimic host-tissue molecules","volume":"38","author":"Cress","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, X., Gu, L., Gao, Z., Fan, W., Zhang, Q., Sheng, J., Zhang, Y., and Sun, Y. (2024). Pathogenicity and Genomic Characteristics Analysis of Pasteurella multocida Serotype A Isolated from Argali Hybrid Sheep. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061072"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garduno, R.A., Chong, A., Nasrallah, G.K., and Allan, D.S. (2011). The Legionella pneumophila Chaperonin\u2014An Unusual Multifunctional Protein in Unusual Locations. Front. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00122"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"60","article-title":"Role of the luxS gene in initial biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael, G.B., Boss\u00e9, J.T., and Schwarz, S. (2018). Antimicrobial Resistance in Pasteurellaceae of Veterinary Origin. Microbiol. Spectr., 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0022-2017"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2025.04.004","article-title":"Bacterial genome structural variation: Prevalence, mechanisms, and consequences","volume":"33","author":"Waters","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03796-w","article-title":"Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: A comprehensive review","volume":"55","author":"Algammal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/9\/1953\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:21:42Z","timestamp":1788434502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/9\/1953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14091953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14091953","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]}}}