{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:07:33Z","timestamp":1789016853408,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023996","name":"Singapore Food Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0478mpy30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Environment Agency, Singapore"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00z4nbg03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella Saintpaul is a foodborne pathogen of public health relevance. This study characterised 79 S. Saintpaul isolates from human clinical and food sources collected in Singapore from 2015 to 2017. Isolates belonged to ST3602 (91.1%, n = 72), ST27 (6.33%, n = 5), ST49 (1.27%, n = 1) or ST50 (1.27%, n = 1). ST3602 predominated in both human (92.5%) and food (89.7%) isolates. Human and food isolates showed the highest resistance to penicillins and beta-lactam\/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. The analysis identified beta-lactam resistance genes (blaCTX-M-1, blaTEM-1D), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aph(4)-Ia, aac(3)-IVa, aadA), and fluoroquinolone resistance genes (qnrS) as the most prevalent. Notably, 31.6% of isolates identified as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and all ESBL-positive isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. Plasmids were predicted in 75.9% (n = 60) of the isolates, with IncI1-I(Alpha) being the most common incompatibility group and showing a strong association with blaCTX-M-1 (Fisher\u2019s exact test, p &lt; 0.001; \u03a6 = 0.913). Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed close genetic relatedness between chicken and human isolates at relatively low SNP distances (0\u201316 SNPs), suggesting potential shared transmission pathways. This study provides epidemiological insights and antimicrobial resistance landscape of S. Saintpaul in Singapore, informing strategies for food safety and public health surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14091990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:46:04Z","timestamp":1788885964000},"page":"1990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Whole-Genome Sequencing-Based Characterisation of Salmonella Saintpaul Isolates from Human and Food Sources in Singapore: Sequence Types, Antimicrobial Resistance and Plasmid Profiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2886-3827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pandora","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen Ching","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3931-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei Ching","family":"Khor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Ming Glendon","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5448-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Maiwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0975-2244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Barkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tse Hsien","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9044-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0371-9462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne Sheot Harn","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore 609919, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4326-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyaw Thu","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, Singapore 609919, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2015.1051243","article-title":"Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance","volume":"8","author":"Eng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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