{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:06:33Z","timestamp":1789103193188,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["1630012026218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1630012026218"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2026A1515011568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026A1515011568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important foodborne and aquaculture-associated pathogen, and its increasing antimicrobial resistance threatens shrimp production, seafood safety, and public health. Although bacteriophages have emerged as a potential solution to the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance, whether antibiotic resistance is associated with phage tolerance remains unclear. This study characterized antimicrobial resistance profiles and resistance genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from Zhanjiang shrimp aquaculture farms and evaluated their association with bacteriophage susceptibility. A total of 132 isolates were tested against 18 antibiotics, while molecular and phage-related analyses were performed on 132 isolates. High resistance was observed against kanamycin (95.5%), sulfamethoxazole (94.7%), cefazolin (78.8%), imipenem (78.8%), amoxicillin (70.5%), and ampicillin (65.2%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 131\/132 isolates (99.24%), indicating an extensive resistance burden. PCR analysis showed high detection rates of aphA (100.00%), sul1 (99.24%), blaTEM (98.48%), blaOXA (73.48%), blaCTX-M (53.03%), qnrA (45.45%), tetA (37.88%), and tetB (21.21%). Phage response analysis showed that 70.45% and 68.18% of isolates were phage-resistant at 4 h and 5 h, respectively. Genes potentially associated with phage\u2013host interactions were also detected, with luxS showing the highest frequency (85.61%). Association analysis revealed significant links between tetA, tetB, blaOXA, and bacteriophage responses. These findings suggest that antimicrobial resistance and reduced phage susceptibility can co-occur among V. parahaemolyticus isolates recovered from shrimp farms in Zhanjiang, highlighting the need for regional resistance surveillance and careful phage selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14092004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:43:16Z","timestamp":1788972196000},"page":"2004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, Resistance Genes, and Their Association with Bacteriophage Susceptibility Among Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates from Zhanjiang Shrimp Aquaculture Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9685-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukman","family":"Iddrisu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology, Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Food Quality Testing Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Baochen","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Licensing Inspection Center of Shenzhen Administration for Market Regulation, Shenzhen 518024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8204-1552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evodia Moses","family":"Mkulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-5156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salifu","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4371-7888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Danso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7270-1358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muqadas","family":"Altaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology, Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6604-8636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Fahad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology, Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Bingyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology, Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shumei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology, Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jiesen","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology, Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yinyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology, Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-2452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhijia","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology, Research Center of Marine Food, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jianzhi","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Quality Testing Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Wang, J., Chen, J., Zhang, R., Zhang, H., Qi, X., and He, Y. (2023). Epidemiological Characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Outbreaks, Zhejiang, China, 2010\u20132022. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1171350"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Yu, P., Wang, J., Zhao, T., Zhao, Y., Pan, Y., and Chen, L. (2024). Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Multiple Strategies for Vibrio parahaemolyticus to Tolerate Sub-Lethal Concentrations of Three Antibiotics. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13111674"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106389","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Blue Light Killing Vibrio parahaemolyticus to Improve Salmon Preservation","volume":"95","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampaio, A., Silva, V., Poeta, P., and Aonofriesei, F. (2022). Vibrio Spp.: Life Strategies, Ecology, and Risks in a Changing Environment. Diversity, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/d14020097"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.112785","article-title":"Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Fish and Shrimp Aquaculture Farms along the Korean Coast","volume":"171","author":"Mok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71288-0","article-title":"Prevalence, Virulence Genes, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Vibrio Species Isolated from Diseased Marine Fish in South China","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736608","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Characteristics of Vibrio Vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio Harveyi from Natural Disease Outbreaks of Marine\/Estuarine Fishes","volume":"539","author":"Sony","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, J., Trindade, D., Oliveira, V., Gomes, N.C.M., Calado, R., Pereira, C., and Almeida, A. (2024). Isolation and Characterization of Infection of Four New Bacteriophages Infecting a Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strain. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111086"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106050","article-title":"Incidence, Virulence Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Seafood","volume":"177","author":"Stratev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, D., Kaushik, A., Kumar, D., and Bag, S. (2021). Foodborne Pathogenic Vibrios: Antimicrobial Resistance. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.638331"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105573","article-title":"Characterization of Ampicillin-Resistant Genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus","volume":"168","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00537-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00537-18","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factors, and Genetic Profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Seafood","volume":"84","author":"Lopatek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2691","article-title":"Prevalence, Antibiotic-Resistance, and Virulence Characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Restaurant Fish Tanks in Seoul, South Korea","volume":"17","author":"Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-022-01347-4","article-title":"The Role of TolA, TolB, and TolR in Cell Morphology, OMVs Production, and Virulence of Salmonella Choleraesuis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2022.05.025","article-title":"Whole Genome Sequencing and Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vp2015094 Carrying an Antimicrobial-Resistant Plasmid","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S347","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707607","article-title":"Plasmid Encoded Antibiotic Resistance: Acquisition and Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bacteria","volume":"153","author":"Bennett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201800204","article-title":"Transposons: The Agents of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","volume":"58","author":"Babakhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2016.04.008","article-title":"Alternatives to Overcoming Bacterial Resistances: State-of-the-Art","volume":"191","author":"Rios","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108995","article-title":"Phage Therapy as a Potential Approach in the Biocontrol of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Shellfish Consumption","volume":"338","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.10.031","article-title":"Application of Bacteriophages during Depuration Reduces the Load of Salmonella typhimurium in Cockles","volume":"90","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Hong, Q., Chang, R.Y.K., Kwok, P.C.L., and Chan, H.-K. (2022). Phage\u2013Antibiotic Therapy as a Promising Strategy to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Infections and to Enhance Antimicrobial Efficiency. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050570"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-09629-x","article-title":"Bacteriophage-Host Arm Race: An Update on the Mechanism of Phage Resistance in Bacteria and Revenge of the Phage with the Perspective for Phage Therapy","volume":"103","author":"Azam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, M., and Ahn, J. (2022). Evolutionary Dynamics between Phages and Bacteria as a Possible Approach for Designing Effective Phage Therapies against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070915"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00345-22","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00345-22","article-title":"Phage Resistance Accompanies Reduced Fitness of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in the Urinary Environment","volume":"7","author":"Zulk","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2013). National Food Safety Standard\u2014Food Microbiological Examination\u2014Examination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Standard No. GB 4789.7-2013)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2024.116712","article-title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Prawns and Oysters Marketed in Zhanjiang, China","volume":"206","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.9.3981-3986.2000","article-title":"Characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 from Asia","volume":"66","author":"Wong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2015). Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing of Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant and Pandrug-Resistant Bacteria: An International Expert Proposal for Interim Standard Definitions for Acquired Resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2026.105071","article-title":"Multidimensional Analysis of Pathogen Epidemic Patterns, Their Correlation with Milk Quality, and Drug Resistance and Virulence Traits of Dominant Pathogenic Escherichia coli in High-Somatic-Cell Buffalo Milk: Guangxi, China","volume":"138","author":"Xiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, C.W., Rukayadi, Y., Hasan, H., Abdul-Mutalib, N.-A., Jambari, N.N., Hara, H., Thung, T.Y., Lee, E., and Radu, S. (2021). Isolation and Characterization of Six Vibrio parahaemolyticus Lytic Bacteriophages From Seafood Samples. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.616548"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, J., Li, Y., Zhao, L., Wu, C., and He, Z. (2023). Characterization of VB_ValM_PVA8, a Broad-Host-Range Bacteriophage Infecting Vibrio Alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1105924"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., Wang, Y., Hong, B., Li, Y., Ma, Y., and Wang, J. (2022). Isolation and Characterization of a Lytic Vibrio parahaemolyticus Phage VB_VpaP_GHSM17 from Sewage Samples. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081601"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03485-14","article-title":"Bacteriophage PBC1 and Its Endolysin as an Antimicrobial Agent against Bacillus cereus","volume":"81","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2174\/138920110790725401","article-title":"Phage Therapy in Clinical Practice: Treatment of Human Infections","volume":"11","author":"Kutter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Zhang, J., Lin, G., Chen, X., Huang, H., Xu, C., and Chi, H. (2024). Antibiotic Resistance and Genetic Profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Farmed Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Ningde Regions. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010152"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian, X.Q., Liu, G.D., Huang, M.F., Fan, Q.H., and Lin, Z.D. (2024). Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factors and Phylogenetic Profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Eastern Coast of Shenzhen. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1452942"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gkaf659","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf659","article-title":"Horizontal Acquisition of the Type I Restriction\u2013Modification System Enhances Bacterial Pathogenicity by Mediating Methylation of Transcription Factor-Encoding Genes","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Aljaro, C., Melado-Rovira, S., Milton, D.L., and Blanch, A.R. (2012). Quorum-Sensing Regulates Biofilm Formation in Vibrio scophthalmi. BMC Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-287"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2007.00882.x","article-title":"Regulation of Vibrio Alginolyticus Virulence by the LuxS Quorum-sensing System","volume":"31","author":"Ye","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Fish. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"151","article-title":"Bacteriophages: Biology and Applications","volume":"1","author":"Silver","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbe Mag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.1.1.14942","article-title":"Phages in Nature","volume":"1","author":"Clokie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2315","article-title":"Bacteriophage Resistance Mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Labrie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2164(10)70007-1","article-title":"Bacteriophage Host Range and Bacterial Resistance","volume":"70","author":"Hyman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merabishvili, M., Pirnay, J.P., Verbeken, G., Chanishvili, N., Tediashvili, M., Lashkhi, N., Glonti, T., Krylov, V., Mast, J., and Van Parys, L. (2009). Quality-Controlled Small-Scale Production of a Well-Defined Bacteriophage Cocktail for Use in Human Clinical Trials. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004944"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.04.039","article-title":"Mismatch between Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype and Genotype of Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Seafood","volume":"59","author":"Lou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201720160191","article-title":"Pathogenic Vibrio Species Isolated from Estuarine Environments (Cear\u00e1, Brazil)-Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Potential Profiles","volume":"89","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.09.019","article-title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Vibrio Species Related to Food Safety Isolated from Shrimp Cultured at Inland Ponds in Thailand","volume":"38","author":"Yano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-023-01353-8","article-title":"Isolation, Characterization, Virulence Genes, Antimicrobial Resistant Genes, and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Relation to AHPND from Shrimp Farms in Coastal Districts of Tamil Nadu","volume":"32","author":"Narsale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"123","article-title":"The Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance Vibrio Isolates from Brackish Water Shrimp Ponds in the Coastal Area in Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam","volume":"11","author":"Tuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2017.361","article-title":"Isolation, Molecular Characterization, and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Coastal Water in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"Ghenem","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0031","article-title":"Occurrence of \u03b2-Lactam Resistance Genes and Plasmid-Mediated Resistance Among Vibrios Isolated from Southwest Coast of India","volume":"25","author":"Silvester","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.02.008","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio Vulnificus in Various Countries: A Review","volume":"57","author":"Elmahdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.08.048","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Isolated from Shrimp Hatcheries and Cultural Ponds on Donghai Island, China","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-007-9011-2","article-title":"Evaluation of Antibacterial Resistance in Vibrio Strains Isolated from Imported Seafood and Italian Aquaculture Settings","volume":"1","author":"Ferrini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-009-0101-8","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance and Plasmid Profiling of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Shrimp Farms along the Southwest Coast of India","volume":"25","author":"Devi","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.01.002","article-title":"Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Different Types of Seafood in Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsaf037","article-title":"Molecular Characterization, Antibiotic Resistance Pattern, and Biofilm Formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Tropical Seafood","volume":"108","author":"Nilavan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-17-156","article-title":"Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates from Seafood from Three Developing Countries and of Worldwide Environmental, Seafood, and Clinical Isolates from 2000 to 2017","volume":"80","author":"Obaidat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2022.243","article-title":"Occurrence and Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from the Tunisian Coastal Seawater","volume":"20","author":"Zaafrane","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canellas, A.L.B., Lopes, I.R., Mello, M.P., Paranhos, R., de Oliveira, B.F.R., and Laport, M.S. (2021). Vibrio Species in an Urban Tropical Estuary: Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Interaction with Environmental Parameters, and Possible Public Health Outcomes. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9051007"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekundayo, T.C., and Tabit, F.T. (2025). Occurrence and Antibiotic Resistance Risk Burden of Vibrio Mimicus Isolates from Seafood and Aquatic Environments. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14111075"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e000455","article-title":"Comprehensive Screening of Genomic and Metagenomic Data Reveals a Large Diversity of Tetracycline Resistance Genes","volume":"6","author":"Berglund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1996.tb00251.x","article-title":"Tetracycline Resistance Determinants: Mechanisms of Action, Regulation of Expression, Genetic Mobility, and Distribution","volume":"19","author":"Roberts","year":"1996","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-026-04785-x","article-title":"Bacterial Defense Mechanisms against Bacteriophages: An Evolutionary Arms Race","volume":"208","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2026.107738","article-title":"Phage Resistance Bidirectionally Altered Antibiotic Susceptibility in Klebsiella pneumoniae via GalE Mutation","volume":"67","author":"Wahid","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110956","article-title":"Characterization, Lytic Activity, and Therapeutic Efficacy of a Novel Phage, BUCT789, Lysing Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli in Galleria Mellonella Larvae","volume":"621","author":"Ahmad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1146","article-title":"Making \u201csense\u201d of Metabolism: Autoinducer-2, LUXS and Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"3","author":"Vendeville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.07.131","article-title":"LuxS\/Autoinducer-2 Quorum Sensing Molecule Regulates Transcriptional Virulence Gene Expression in Clostridium difficile","volume":"335","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01756-07","article-title":"Quorum Sensing Controls Biofilm Formation in Vibrio cholerae through Modulation of Cyclic Di-GMP Levels and Repression of VpsT","volume":"190","author":"Waters","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.11.004","article-title":"AphA Is Required for Biofilm Formation, Motility, and Virulence in Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus","volume":"160","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111368","article-title":"Vibrio Cholerae High Cell Density Quorum Sensing Activates the Host Intestinal Innate Immune Response","volume":"40","author":"Jugder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2021.126803","article-title":"The RfbN Gene of Salmonella typhimurium Mediates Phage Adsorption by Modulating Biosynthesis of Lipopolysaccharide","volume":"250","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broeker, N.K., Kiele, F., Casjens, S.R., Gilcrease, E.B., Thalhammer, A., Koetz, J., and Barbirz, S. (2018). In Vitro Studies of Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated DNA Release of Podovirus HK620. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10060289"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machimbirike, V.I., Vasquez, I., Cao, T., Chukwu-Osazuwa, J., Onireti, O., Segovia, C., Khunrae, P., Rattanarojpong, T., Booman, M., and Jones, S. (2023). Comparative Genomic Analysis of Virulent vibrio (Listonella) Anguillarum Serotypes Revealed Genetic Diversity and Genomic Signatures in the O-Antigen Biosynthesis Gene Cluster. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030792"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104897","article-title":"O-Antigen Serves as a Two-Faced Host Factor for Bacteriophage NJS1 Infecting Nonmucoid Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"155","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.12.041","article-title":"Bacterial Autoimmunity Due to a Restriction-Modification System","volume":"26","author":"Qian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/9\/2004\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:26:06Z","timestamp":1789100766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/9\/2004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14092004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14092004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}