{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T09:08:14Z","timestamp":1789117694955,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014596","name":"The Nature Conservancy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8454534578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8454534578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["8454534578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8454534578"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0563w1497","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization in maize (Zea mays L.) production causes environmental degradation, particularly in semi-arid regions where high chemical inputs are necessary to maintain crop production. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) could reduce the optimal N fertilization doses. This investigation aimed to isolate bacteria, screen them for plant growth-promoting traits, and evaluate their potential effects on maize grain under different chemical N fertilization doses. Isolates Stenotrophomonas maltophilia LIMN and Enterobacter roggenkampii LCMG demonstrated multifunctional growth-promoting traits in vitro, including N2 fixation, indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore production, potassium solubilization, and desiccation tolerance, with E. roggenkampii LCMG also solubilizing inorganic phosphate. A field trial across four chemical N fertilization rates (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha\u22121) revealed that single bacterial inoculation without N fertilizer matched or exceeded uninoculated controls receiving up to 80 kg of N ha\u22121 (the standard recommendation). Specifically, S. maltophilia LIMN combined with the recommended rate of 80 kg N ha\u22121 achieved the maximum grain yield (4601.2 kg DM ha\u22121), outperforming uninoculated controls (without PGPR) receiving excessive fertilization at 120 kg N ha\u22121 (3760.4 DM ha\u22121). Although maize plants benefited from inoculation with S. maltophilia LIMN or E. roggenkampii LCMG, achieving similar or better yields than crops fertilized with high chemical N inputs under stress factors such as deficiency of moisture, low-nutrient soils, and high temperatures, the present study did not test the pathogenicity and biosecurity of S. maltophilia or E. roggenkampii in crops; therefore, the results are not a direct recommendation of their use as biofertilizers before novel studies to assess all the limitations and the potential to reduce N dependency in order to design novel sustainable strategies for crop production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14092006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1789027661000},"page":"2006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inoculation with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia LIMN and Enterobacter roggenkampii LCMG Enhances Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield and Reduces Nitrogen Fertilizer Dependence in Nutrient-Limited Soils of Semi-Arid Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8255-7296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Odil\u00f3n","family":"Gayosso Barrag\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Agricultura Familiar, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Carretera Ojuelos-Lagos de Moreno km. 8.5, Ojuelos de Jalisco C.P. 47540, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-8871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Griselda","family":"Ch\u00e1vez Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Agricultura Familiar, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Carretera Ojuelos-Lagos de Moreno km. 8.5, 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Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2182-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael Fernando","family":"Ch\u00e1vez D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Rancho las Cruces, Tepatitl\u00e1n de Morelos C.P. 47600, Jalisco, 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