{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:06:13Z","timestamp":1789189573003,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PATH"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"European Union Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FP7\/2007-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7\/2007-2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"European Union Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["261472-STOPENTERICS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["261472-STOPENTERICS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["VR 521-2012-3464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VR 521-2012-3464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["VR 348-2013-6615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VR 348-2013-6615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["VR 521-2012-3464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VR 521-2012-3464"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zttf063","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["VR 348-2013-6615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VR 348-2013-6615"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zttf063","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011751","name":"Stiftelsen f\u00f6r Strategisk Forskning","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/044wr7g58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>T helper cells (Th) are central to mucosal IgA induction and key targets for modulation by vaccine adjuvants. To improve understanding of cellular mechanisms underlying mucosal vaccine-induced immunity, we analyzed antigen-specific peripheral blood Th responses elicited by the oral enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine ETVAX, administered with or without the double mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) adjuvant. ETVAX, consisting of inactivated E. coli overexpressing colonization factors CFA\/I, CS3, CS5, and CS6 with a heat-labile toxin B-subunit toxoid, was given orally in two doses to adult volunteers, either alone or with 10 or 25 \u00b5g dmLT. Antigen-specific Th-associated cytokine responses were assessed in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 15 to 18 individuals\/group using ELISA and electrochemiluminescence assays. ETVAX predominantly induced Th1 (IFN-\u03b3) and Th17 (IL-17A) responses, with minimal Th2-associated cytokines. Responses were markedly reduced after CD4+ T-cell depletion, supporting a Th cell origin. The strongest responses targeted LTB and CS3, with IFN-\u03b3 responses detected in 60\u201380% and IL-17A in 40\u201360% across all vaccinees. Responses to CFA\/I, CS5 and CS6 were generally weaker. Exploratory comparisons suggested broader IFN-\u03b3 responses and more consistent IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17A responses to lower-dose antigens, particularly CS6, in recipients receiving vaccine plus 10 \u00b5g dmLT. These trends paralleled IgA antibody-secreting cell response patterns, with significantly enhanced IgA responses to CS6 in the vaccine plus 10 \u00b5g dmLT group. In conclusion, ETVAX induces antigen-specific Th1- and Th17-type responses in peripheral blood, supporting a role for cellular immunity in mucosal responses to oral ETEC vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14092007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1789027661000},"page":"2007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Th1 and Th17 Responses to LTB and Colonization Factors Following Oral ETEC Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kaim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GUVAX (Gothenburg University Vaccine Research Institute), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GUVAX (Gothenburg University Vaccine Research Institute), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.465-483.2005","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in developing countries: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention","volume":"18","author":"Qadri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. 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