{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:15:59Z","timestamp":1789042559239,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-associated oral infections require multi-target therapeutic strategies beyond single-extract herbal testing. Using the L-optimal mixture design approach, we optimized a ternary combination of Thymus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera, and Echinacea purpurea ethanolic extracts against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans, then characterized the optimized blend\u2019s phytochemistry, antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy, time\u2013kill pharmacodynamics, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxic safety. Through HPLC, apigenin, chlorogenic acid, resorcinol, and ferulic acid were identified as dominant constituents. The optimal blend (Run 14: T. vulgaris 0.331, M. oleifera 0.318, E. purpurea 0.352) achieved a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.50 against both organisms, maximum inhibition zones of 3.10 cm (C. albicans) and 4.10 cm (S. mutans), biofilm inhibition of up to 93.2 \u00b1 2.1% for C. albicans and 78.4 \u00b1 2.8% for S. mutans, and confirmed fungicidal and bactericidal activity within 48 and 24 h, respectively. DPPH scavenging ranged from 55.19 to 68.73%, and oral epithelial cells (OEC) viability exceeded 83% at 300 \u00b5g\/mL. All assays included three independent biological replicates; statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05. These findings identify the T. vulgaris\u2013M. oleifera\u2013E. purpurea blend as a synergistic, multi-target antimicrobial candidate with a favorable preliminary safety profile, supporting further development and evaluation against clinical isolates for oral fungal and bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14092010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:38:39Z","timestamp":1789040319000},"page":"2010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synergistic Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity Optimization of a Thymus vulgaris\u2013Moringa oleifera\u2013Echinacea purpurea Ternary Ethanolic Extract Blend Against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans Using L-Optimal Mixture Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8691-086X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khadijah A.","family":"Altammar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, P.O. Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romanescu, M., Oprean, C., Lombrea, A., Badescu, B., Teodor, A., Constantin, G.D., Andor, M., Folescu, R., Muntean, D., and Danciu, C. (2023). Current State of Knowledge Regarding WHO High Priority Pathogens\u2014Resistance Mechanisms and Proposed Solutions through Candidates Such as Essential Oils: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. 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