{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:11:12Z","timestamp":1789128672165,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NEXTHREAT","award":["PLEC2021\u2013007968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLEC2021\u2013007968"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viruses represent a major component of global biodiversity and are integral to ecological and evolutionary processes shaping host populations and communities. Bats, with high species richness and ecological diversity, provide a system to examine how host traits and environmental context structure viral communities. Here, we characterize viral diversity from three bat species (Pipistrellus kuhlii, Cnephaeus isabellinus, and Nyctalus lasiopterus) using samples across two environments in southern Spain: a well-preserved Mediterranean forest (Sierras de Cazorla, Segura, and Las Villas Natural Park, CSVNP) and a human-modified wetland-agrosystem mosaic (Do\u00f1ana National Park, DNP). Metagenomics detected 72 eukaryotic virus species, including viruses reported in mammals, insects, arachnids, and plants. Viral richness and composition varied among samples, bat species, and environments. Samples of P. kuhlii exhibited the highest richness, driven by insect-associated viruses. C. isabellinus showed a higher contribution of vertebrate-related viruses, whereas N. lasiopterus exhibited the lowest richness. CSVNP samples showed higher viral richness and more exclusive taxa, whereas DNP samples exhibited lower richness, with a greater contribution of arthropod-associated viruses, potentially reflecting prey communities. Despite this, diversity metrics were similar between environments, indicating structurally comparable communities composed of distinct taxa. Bat viromes appear to be associated with host ecology, trophic behavior, and environmental context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14092025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:51:37Z","timestamp":1789123897000},"page":"2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virome Diversity in Three Bat Species in Different Environments in Southern Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9390-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Ciudad de Mexico 14387, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0871-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Ledesma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Bioinform\u00e1tica, Unidades Centrales Cient\u00edfico T\u00e9cnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2470-8180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celia","family":"L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Durango, Sigma 119 Fraccionamiento 20 de Noviembre II Durango, Durango 34220, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2127-0811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heliot","family":"Zarza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Lerma, Av. de las Garzas 10, Col. 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Vicentina, Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Labiod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7911-9041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Cuesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Bioinform\u00e1tica, Unidades Centrales Cient\u00edfico T\u00e9cnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1840-1198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7522-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan E.","family":"Echevarr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1383-8462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Juste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, 28220 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Avda. Am\u00e9rico Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.16207","article-title":"The global virome: The Global Virome: How Much Diversity and How Many Independent Origins?","volume":"25","author":"Koonin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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