{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:04:32Z","timestamp":1789376672598,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Hebei Medical University","award":["USIP2025107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USIP2025107"]}]},{"award":["USIP2025107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USIP2025107"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04eymdx19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hebei Province Natural Science Foundation","award":["H2024206434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2024206434"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and liver metastasis remains a major contributor to poor prognosis and treatment failure. Increasing evidence indicates that the gut\u2013liver axis plays a critical role in colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) by linking intestinal microbial alterations with hepatic microenvironmental remodeling. Gut dysbiosis and intestinal barrier disruption facilitate the translocation of microbial components and metabolites through the portal circulation, contributing to hepatic immune remodeling, extracellular matrix alteration, and the establishment of a pre-metastatic niche favorable for tumor colonization. During metastatic progression, specific tumor-associated microorganisms may further promote circulating tumor cell (CTC) survival, immune evasion, and metastatic adaptation, while intratumoral microbiome alterations and metabolic reprogramming may influence tumor growth and therapeutic responses. This review summarizes the current understanding of gut\u2013liver axis-mediated regulation of CRLM, focusing on intestinal barrier dysfunction, microbial translocation, hepatic pre-metastatic niche formation, tumor cell\u2013microbiota interactions, and emerging clinical applications. Unlike previous reviews that have primarily focused on gut microbiota alterations in colorectal carcinogenesis, this review emphasizes the contribution of gut-derived microbial signals to liver-specific metastatic evolution. In addition, we discuss current challenges, including limited human causal evidence, technical issues in low-biomass microbiome analysis, and the need for longitudinal clinical validation. Future integration of spatial multiomics, prospective cohorts, and personalized microbiome-based interventions may provide new opportunities for early risk prediction and precision management of CRLM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14092032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:10:23Z","timestamp":1789373423000},"page":"2032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Gut Microbiota to Hepatic Pre-Metastatic Niches: Mechanism and Translational Prospects of the Gut\u2013Liver Axis in Regulating Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0215-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiachao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs5.50299","article-title":"Incidence and management of patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous and metachronous colorectal metastases: A population-based study","volume":"4","author":"Wirta","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJS Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e262088","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.2088","article-title":"Time of detection of liver metastases and survival in patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"9","author":"Kemna","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.15468","article-title":"Differences in management and outcome for colon and rectal carcinoma with synchronous liver metastases: A population-based cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Buchli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111877","article-title":"Gut microbiome-mediated monocytes promote liver metastasis","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.jcrt_1957_24","article-title":"Commensal dysbiosis promotes the development of colorectal cancer liver Metastasis via the C\u2013C chemokine ligand 6\/C\u2013C chemokine receptor 1 axis","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00934-z","article-title":"Mechanisms of metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"21","author":"Sancho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14312","article-title":"An animal model of colorectal cancer liver metastasis with a high metastasis rate and clonal dynamics","volume":"40","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S.S., Hao, S.D., Ye, H., and Zhang, X.Z. (2023). Global research on the crosstalk between intestinal microbiome and colorectal cancer: A visualization analysis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1083987"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-022-02766-w","article-title":"Intracellular and extracellular factors of colorectal cancer liver metastasis: A pivotal perplex to be fully elucidated","volume":"22","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v15.i5.281","article-title":"How the interplay among the tumor microenvironment and the gut microbiota influences the stemness of colorectal cancer cells","volume":"15","author":"Carriere","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaharia, C., Veen, T., Lea, D., Kanani, A., Alexeeva, M., and S\u00f8reide, K. (2022). Histopathological growth pattern in colorectal liver metastasis and the tumor immune microenvironment. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15010181"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.03.004","article-title":"Gut vascular barrier impairment leads to intestinal bacteria dissemination and colorectal cancer metastasis to liver","volume":"39","author":"Bertocchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2024.2309005","article-title":"Entero-toxigenic Bacteroides fragilis contributes to intestinal barrier injury and colorectal cancer progression by mediating the BFT\/STAT3\/ZEB2 pathway","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2948282","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2948282","article-title":"Alterations of the predominant fecal microbiota and disruption of the gut mucosal barrier in patients with early-stage colorectal cancer","volume":"2020","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.09.014","article-title":"In vivo macrophage engineering reshapes the tumor microenvironment leading to eradication of liver metastases","volume":"41","author":"Kerzel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-24-4425","article-title":"Gut microbiota\u2013mediated bile acid metabolism regulates colorectal cancer liver metastasis by altering neutrophil recruitment","volume":"85","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2025.5730","article-title":"Emerging role of bile acids in colorectal liver metastasis: From molecular mechanism to clinical significance (Review)","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, D., Wang, M., Wu, J., Lin, S., Ye, Z., Zhou, R., Wang, G., Wu, J., Sun, H., and Bin, J. (2021). Immunosuppressive microenvironment revealed by immune cell landscape in pre-metastatic liver of colorectal cancer. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.620688"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Zhao, L., Wang, L., Sheng, G., Cheng, P., Han, M., Li, G., and Zheng, Z. (2025). Integrin-mediated TIMP1 signaling reprograms liver macrophages and accelerates colorectal cancer metastasis. Cells, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15010029"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30582","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells in the injured liver: Perspectives beyond hepatic fibrosis","volume":"237","author":"Ezhilarasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06437-8","article-title":"Activated hepatic stellate cell-derived Bmp-1 induces liver fibrosis via mediating hepatocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"15","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00f6mer, D., Walther, T., M\u00f6ller, S., Behnen, M., and Laskay, T. (2021). Neutrophil extracellular traps activate proinflammatory functions of human neutrophils. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636954"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2024.102288","article-title":"Blocking Fusobacterium nucleatum-host cell interactions with responsive supramolecular GalNAc-derived nanoplatform for enhanced chemotherapy in colorectal cancer","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-024-03080-7","article-title":"Tumor-resident microbiota contributes to colorectal cancer liver metastasis by lactylation and immune modulation","volume":"43","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Hu, B., He, J., Fu, X., and Liu, N. (2024). Intratumor microbiome-derived butyrate promotes chemo-resistance in colorectal cancer. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1510851"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eiman, L., Moazzam, K., Anjum, S., Kausar, H., Sharif, E.A.M., and Ibrahim, W.N. (2025). Gut dysbiosis in cancer immunotherapy: Microbiota-mediated resistance and emerging treatments. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1575452"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71146","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202502118R","article-title":"Microbial therapeutics in cancer: Translating probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics from mechanistic insights to clinical applications: A topical review","volume":"39","author":"Tegegne","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2024.115332","article-title":"Novel strategies for modulating the gut microbiome for cancer therapy","volume":"210","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-01075-5","article-title":"Intratumoral microbial community profiling identifies clinicomolecular and prognostic subtypes of colorectal cancer liver metastasis","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113773","article-title":"Effects of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SNB-derived postbiotic components on intestinal barrier dysfunction and composition of gut microbiota","volume":"175","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Cai, Y., Yang, B., Xie, S., Shen, W., Wu, Y., Sui, Z., Cai, J., Ni, C., and Ye, J. (2022). High-fat diet enhances the liver metastasis potential of colorectal cancer through microbiota dysbiosis. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14112573"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, T.T., Hou, Q.L., Zhao, H.C., Luan, Y.M., Shi, Y.Y., Hu, S.R., Wang, N.R., Yan, S.Y., Gong, X.Y., and Song, Y. (2025). Gut microbiota dysbiosis impairs TGF-\u03b2\/Smad4 signaling to drive postoperative metastasis in colorectal cancer. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1654227"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7633","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i48.7633","article-title":"Gegen Qinlian decoction enhances immunity and protects intestinal barrier function in colorectal cancer patients via gut microbiota","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.047","article-title":"The tight junction protein ZO-1 is dispensable for barrier function but critical for effective mucosal repair","volume":"161","author":"Kuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106368","article-title":"Discoidin domain receptor 1(DDR1) promote intestinal barrier disruption in Ulcerative Colitis through tight junction proteins degradation and epithelium apoptosis","volume":"183","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-20-2968","article-title":"Ruscogenin attenuated tight junction injury and tumor migration in colorectal liver metastasis mice via regulating TRAP1","volume":"10","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02189-9","article-title":"Claudin-2 promotes colorectal cancer liver metastasis and is a biomarker of the replacement type growth pattern","volume":"4","author":"Annis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.16315","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum, immune responses, and metastatic organ diversity in colorectal cancer liver metastasis","volume":"115","author":"Shigematsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15126","article-title":"Relationship between Fusobacterium nucleatum and antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer liver metastasis","volume":"112","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01097-4","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal cancer liver metastasis via miR-5692a\/IL-8 axis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-02991-3","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomal ADAM17 promotes pre-metastatic niche formation by enhancing vascular permeability in colorectal cancer","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15823","article-title":"Escherichia coli NF73-1 disrupts the gut-vascular barrier and aggravates high-fat diet-induced fatty liver disease via inhibiting Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signalling pathway","volume":"44","author":"Ke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Z., Zhang, Y., Lin, M., Wen, S., Lai, H., Zhan, Y., Zhu, X., Huang, Z., Zhang, X., and Liu, Z. (2022). Improvement of gut-vascular barrier by terlipressin reduces bacterial translocation and remote organ injuries in gut-derived sepsis. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1019109"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70119","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70119","article-title":"Surrogate markers of intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation and gut\u2013vascular barrier damage across stages of cirrhosis","volume":"45","author":"Haedge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156272","article-title":"Dachengqi decoction ameliorated liver injury in liver fibrosis mice by maintaining gut vascular barrier integrity","volume":"136","author":"Shuhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06328-2","article-title":"Understanding pre-metastatic niche formation: Implications for colorectal cancer liver metastasis","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Tommaso, N., Santopaolo, F., Gasbarrini, A., and Ponziani, F.R. (2023). The gut\u2013vascular barrier as a new protagonist in intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021470"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116378","article-title":"Remodeling the gut ecosystem and its mechanism: Natural products in the treatment of ulcerative colitis via regulating gut microbiota and metabolites","volume":"174","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01052-3","article-title":"Cholestasis-induced phenotypic transformation of neutrophils contributes to immune escape of colorectal cancer liver metastasis","volume":"31","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.97109","article-title":"Kupffer cell-derived IL6 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis via the JAK1-ACAP4 pathway","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115139","article-title":"Pharmacologic modulation of systemic inorganic phosphate levels restores the impaired phagocytosis of Kupffer cells and improves liver function in murine models of chronic liver failure","volume":"162","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5678","article-title":"Understanding the implication of autophagy in the activation of hepatic stellate cells in liver fibrosis: Are we there yet?","volume":"254","author":"Lucantoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y.Q., Deng, X.W., Xu, G.Q., Lin, J., Lu, H.Z., and Chen, J. (2023). Mechanical homeostasis imbalance in hepatic stellate cells activation and hepatic fibrosis. Front. Mol. Biosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1183808"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4206","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.81581","article-title":"FOXC2-AS1\/FOXC2 axis mediates matrix stiffness-induced trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into fibrosis-promoting myofibroblasts","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1922-5","article-title":"The mechanism of the premetastatic niche facilitating colorectal cancer liver metastasis generated from myeloid-derived suppressor cells induced by the S1PR1-STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03698-5","article-title":"Inhibition of CCL7 derived from Mo-MDSCs prevents metastatic progression from latency in colorectal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167035","article-title":"NLRP6 deficiency suppresses colorectal cancer liver metastasis growth by modulating M-MDSC-induced immunosuppressive microenvironment","volume":"1870","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-24-1194","article-title":"USP15 facilitates colorectal cancer immune evasion through SMYD3\/CCL2-dependent myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2025.111822","article-title":"PRIM1 enhances colorectal cancer liver metastasis via promoting neutrophil recruitment and formation of neutrophil extracellular trap","volume":"132","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113500","article-title":"Granulocyte-like myeloid-derived suppressor cells: The culprits of neutrophil extracellular traps formation in the pre-metastatic niche","volume":"143","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07174-y","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps regulate LDHA expression to promote colorectal cancer liver metastasis","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-024-00571-x","article-title":"Targeting SPP1-orchestrated neutrophil extracellular traps-dominant pre-metastatic niche reduced HCC lung metastasis","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06351-3","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals dynamic changes in the liver microenvironment during colorectal cancer metastatic progression","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2026.102589","article-title":"Preoperative exercise induces anti-tumor Kupffer cells to prevent surgical stress-promoted colorectal cancer liver metastasis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, H., Zhu, S., Xue, P., Xie, F., Zhao, L., and Chu, X. (2025). Yanggan Yizhong decoction prevents liver metastasis from colorectal cancer by targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells through the regulation of bile acid metabolism in the gut microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1639442"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04418-9","article-title":"Matrix stiffness modulates hepatic stellate cell activation into tumor-promoting myofibroblasts via E2F3-dependent signaling and regulates malignant progression","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-021-03682-8","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharides increase the risk of colorectal cancer recurrence and metastasis due to the induction of neutrophil extracellular traps after curative resection","volume":"147","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109288","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021109288","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and particles impact the systemic landscape of cancer","volume":"41","author":"Lucotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., and Zhu, F. (2025). Insights from the evolution of coagulation: A new perspective on anti-inflammatory strategies in the ICU-Focus on the contact activation system. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13112726"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3376","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32035","article-title":"Involvement of TIGIT in natural killer cell exhaustion and immune escape in patients and mouse model with liver echinococcus multilocularis infection","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07984-4","article-title":"TIGIT in cancer: From mechanism of action to promising immunotherapeutic strategies","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Q., Lin, S., Fan, Z., Liu, J., Ye, D., and Guo, P. (2024). A review of the mechanisms of bacterial colonization of the mammal gut. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12051026"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-025-03106-1","article-title":"Targeting gut microbiota and arginase boosts MEK inhibitors\u2019 enhancement of antitumour immunity via MHC-I upregulation in colorectal cancer","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian, S., Liu, J., Wu, Y., Xia, P., and Zhu, G. (2022). Bacterial and viral co-infection in the intestine: Competition scenario and their effect on host immunity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042311"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.02.023","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections after liver transplantation: Prevalence, impact, and risk factors","volume":"80","author":"Aceituno","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00534-2","article-title":"Cell cycle-related kinase reprograms the liver immune microenvironment to promote cancer metastasis","volume":"18","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e184036","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI184036","article-title":"Cxcr3 promotes protection from colorectal cancer liver metastasis by driving NK cell infiltration and plasticity","volume":"135","author":"Russo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190778","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI190778","article-title":"Tissue-specific antitumor NK cell subsets identified in colorectal cancer liver metastases express candidate therapeutic targets","volume":"135","author":"Mikulak","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seliger, B., and Massa, C. (2021). Immune therapy resistance and immune escape of tumors. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030551"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2021.11.016","article-title":"Natural killer cells and immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy: Current knowledge and new challenges","volume":"24","author":"Poggi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr.2020.03.03","article-title":"Interaction between linc01615 and miR-491-5p regulates the survival and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, G.X., Peng, T.H., Chen, Y., Sha, L.J., Dai, H.K., Xiang, Y.D., Zou, Z.Q., He, H.L., and Wang, S. (2022). Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on biological behavior of colorectal cancer cells by regulating PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.901559"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, M., Shang, F., Wu, J., Fan, Q., Chen, C., Fan, J., Liu, L., Nie, X., Zhang, T., and Cai, K. (2021). Tumor-associated microbiota in proximal and distal colorectal cancer and their relationships with clinical outcomes. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.727937"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2022.11.007","article-title":"Emerging roles of intratumor microbiota in cancer metastasis","volume":"33","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-026-02286-7","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomics maps host\u2013gut microbiome biogeography at high resolution","volume":"11","author":"Ntekas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01987-7","article-title":"Distinct microbes, metabolites, and the host genome define the multi-omics profiles in right-sided and left-sided colon cancer","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae378","article-title":"Planning and analyzing a low-biomass microbiome study: A data analysis perspective","volume":"233","author":"Austin","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salter, S.J., Cox, M.J., Turek, E.M., Calus, S.T., Cookson, W.O., Moffatt, M.F., Turner, P., Parkhill, J., Loman, N.J., and Walker, A.W. (2014). Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses. BMC Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-014-0087-z"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adapa, S.R., Porshe, S., Talada, D.P., Nywening, T.M., Anderson, M.L., Shaw, T.I., and Jiang, R.H.Y. (2025). Spatial transcriptomics reveals distinct architectures but shared vulnerabilities in primary and metastatic liver tumors. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17193210"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Yu, F., and Li, P.F. (2023). Intratumor microbiota in cancer pathogenesis and immunity: From mechanisms of action to therapeutic opportunities. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1269054"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Jia, Y., Li, Y., Hei, H., Zhang, S., and Qin, J. (2025). Crosstalk between metabolic reprogramming and microbiota: Implications for cancer progression and novel therapeutic opportunities. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582166"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473504","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2473504","article-title":"The gut microbiota: An emerging modulator of drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-023-10138-7","article-title":"The emerging role of the gut microbiome in cancer cell plasticity and therapeutic resistance","volume":"43","author":"Mondal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Lu, J., Wu, J., Zhang, K., Zhou, X., Gao, Z., Feng, J., Zhuang, Z., and Zhong, X. (2025). Integrated molecular and microenvironmental drivers of drug resistance in gastrointestinal cancers: Mechanisms, immunotherapy challenges, and precision strategies. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1675745"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107171","article-title":"Deciphering the role of Enterococcus faecium cytidine deaminase in gemcitabine resistance of gallbladder cancer","volume":"300","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mignini, I., Piccirilli, G., Galasso, L., Termite, F., Esposto, G., Ainora, M.E., Gasbarrini, A., and Zocco, M.A. (2024). From the colon to the liver: How gut microbiota may influence colorectal cancer metastatic potential. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020420"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl210177","article-title":"Gut microbiota alteration influences colorectal cancer metastasis to the liver by remodeling the liver immune microenvironment","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.16772","article-title":"The preventive effects of inulin, cellulose, and their mixture on colorectal cancer liver metastasis in mice by regulating gut microbiota","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06164-4","article-title":"Circulating microbiome DNA features and its effect on predicting clinicopathological characteristics of patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05671-0","article-title":"Targeting the gut microbiota: A new strategy for colorectal cancer treatment","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1067","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1067","article-title":"Effects of metronidazole on colorectal cancer occurrence and colorectal cancer liver metastases by regulating Fusobacterium nucleatum in mice","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.63490","article-title":"Non-absorbable antibiotic treatment inhibits colorectal cancer liver metastasis by modulating deoxycholic acid metabolism by intestinal microbes","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04188","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202504188","article-title":"Neutrophil-mimicking nanomedicine eliminates tumor intracellular bacteria and enhances chemotherapy on liver metastasis of colorectal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156766","article-title":"KAJF alleviated colorectal cancer liver metastasis by reshaping the gut microbiota and inhibiting M2-like macrophage polarization","volume":"142","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116866","article-title":"Echinacoside inhibits colorectal cancer metastasis via modulating the gut microbiota and suppressing the PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway","volume":"318","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332535","article-title":"Integration of lipidomics with targeted, single cell, and spatial transcriptomics defines an unresolved pro-inflammatory state in colon cancer","volume":"74","author":"Soundararajan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112902","article-title":"Metastatic hepatic carcinoma: Mechanisms, emerging therapeutics, and future perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e213","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.213","article-title":"The challenge and opportunity of gut microbiota-targeted nanomedicine for colorectal cancer therapy","volume":"3","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155795","article-title":"PRM1201 effectively inhibits colorectal cancer metastasis via shaping gut microbiota and short- chain fatty acids","volume":"132","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, S., Tan, Z., Suo, J., and Bu, Y. (2026). Lycium barbarum polysaccharides as prebiotics prevent colorectal cancer liver metastasis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating gut microbiota-FGF21-PI3K-AKT axis. Front. Pharmacol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1735434"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805007","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201805007","article-title":"Trapping of lipopolysaccharide to promote immunotherapy against colorectal cancer and attenuate liver metastasis","volume":"30","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106312","article-title":"Fecal 16S rRNA sequencing and multi-compartment metabolomics revealed gut microbiota and metabolites interactions in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"151","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/9\/2032\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:33:45Z","timestamp":1789374825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/9\/2032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14092032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14092032","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]}}}