{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:03:21Z","timestamp":1789707801624,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital","award":["TCVGH-1155101C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1155101C"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00e87hq62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["TCVGH-1155101C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1155101C"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00e87hq62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC 114-2314-B-075A-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2314-B-075A-010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbacterium species, a genus of aerobic Gram-positive coryneform rods, are rare causes of human infection with only a few sporadic cases reported worldwide. MALDI-TOF MS, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and even whole-genome sequencing are used to identify the species in a clinical laboratory setting. The study reports a case of Microbacterium paraoxydans bloodstream infection and reviews the literature, including eight additional reported cases of M. paraoxydans infection. We summarize the characteristics of each case, highlight the identification methods, and identify recurrent characteristics for M. paraoxydans infection. A 65-year-old man presented with stable condition of esophageal cancer and long-term prednisolone therapy for psoriasis. A central venous catheter (CVC) was placed for years for treatment of esophageal cancer. The patient presented with fever and chills, and Microbacterium paraoxydans was identified by MALDI-TOF MS from blood culture samples via chemo port. After the chemo port was removed, vancomycin followed by levofloxacin was administered for the entire 14-day treatment course according to susceptibility tests. This study highlights that a long-term central venous catheter and immunocompromised status were common characteristics among the reported cases of Microbacterium spp. infection. The susceptibility of Microbacterium spp. is not fully characterized and varies across reports; gentamicin and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole appeared more consistently active, whereas susceptibility to vancomycin was variable. We report this case to highlight the increasing number of infections caused by Microbacterium spp. in the current era and to provide information on the treatment of M. paraoxydans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14092040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:10:23Z","timestamp":1789373423000},"page":"2040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbacterium paraoxydans Bloodstream Infection in a Patient with Long-Term Indwelling Central Venous Catheter: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yi-Kai","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0952-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Hsiu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2098-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Hao","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Hsuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsien-Po","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8006-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Infection Control Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Translational Medicine Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5540-4780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting-Kuang","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.2242-2246.2003","article-title":"Bacteremia due to a novel Microbacterium species in a patient with leukemia and description of Microbacterium paraoxydans sp. nov","volume":"41","author":"Laffineur","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elbehiry, A., Aldubaib, M., Abalkhail, A., Marzouk, E., ALbeloushi, A., Moussa, I., Ibrahem, M., Albazie, H., Alqarni, A., and Anagreyyah, S. (2022). How MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Technology Contributes to Microbial Infection Control in Healthcare Settings. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111881"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E005169","DOI":"10.1099\/jmmcr.0.005169","article-title":"Bacteraemia due to Microbacterium paraoxydans in a patient with chronic kidney disease, refractory hypertension and sarcoidosis","volume":"5","author":"Chorost","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMM Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2010.084210","article-title":"Central venous catheter-related bacteremia due to Microbacterium paraoxydans in a patient with no significant immunodeficiency","volume":"64","author":"Enoch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2019.03.013","article-title":"Catheter-related bloodstream infection by Microbacterium paraoxydans in a pediatric patient with B-cell precursor acute lymphocytic leukemia: A case report and review of literature on Microbacterium bacteremia","volume":"25","author":"Amano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.5414\/CN107209","article-title":"The first case report of peritoneal dialysis related peritonitis caused by Microbacterium paraoxydans","volume":"79","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2016.004","article-title":"Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis Caused by Microbacterium paraoxydans","volume":"70","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2017.00121","article-title":"Microbacterium peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: A case report and review","volume":"38","author":"Lam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1086\/323080","article-title":"Nosocomial outbreak of Microbacterium species bacteremia among cancer patients","volume":"184","author":"Shah","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E254877","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2023-254877","article-title":"Acinetobacter radioresistens and Microbacterium paraoxydans endocarditis in patient with indwelling catheter and metastatic carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Pinchman","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/599376","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"49","author":"Mermel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Healthcare Safety Network (2026, August 29). Bloodstream Infection Event (Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection and Non-Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nhsn\/pdfs\/pscmanual\/4psc_clabscurrent.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"CLSI (2015). Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing of Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria, CLSI. [3rd ed.]. CLSI guideline M45."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/9\/2040\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:27:58Z","timestamp":1789705678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/9\/2040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14092040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14092040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]}}}