{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:10:56Z","timestamp":1792789856022,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City","award":["SKJC-JYRC-2025-57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKJC-JYRC-2025-57"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["325MS103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["325MS103"]}]},{"name":"Education Department of Hainan Province and Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City Administration","award":["HSPHDSRF-2024-05-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSPHDSRF-2024-05-008"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026meb765","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Education Department of Hainan Province and Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City Administration","award":["Hyb2025-215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hyb2025-215"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026meb765","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["HSPHDSRF-2024-05-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSPHDSRF-2024-05-008"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026meb765","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Hyb2025-215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hyb2025-215"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026meb765","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Administrative Bureau of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science&amp;Technology City","award":["SYND-QDJF-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYND-QDJF-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Durian cultivation has become a key development industry in China in recent years, and durian root rot (DRR) constitutes a major threat to production. In this study, symptomatic root and stem base tissues and leaves were systematically collected from the main durian-producing regions of China, yielding 202 fungal and oomycete isolates. Isolates were identified based on morphological characterization and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis. Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. were the most frequently recovered taxa, accounting for 39.11% and 16.34% of the isolates, respectively. Koch\u2019s postulates confirmed Phytophthora palmivora and the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) as the causal agents. In controlled co-inoculation experiments, simultaneous inoculation with both pathogens resulted in a shorter latent period and increased disease severity compared with single inoculations, indicating a potential interaction that warrants further investigation. Fungicide sensitivity assays showed that P. palmivora was sensitive to oxathiapiprolin, mandipropamid, fluopicolide, and chlorothalonil, while metalaxyl-M, mancozeb, cymoxanil, and propamocarb hydrochloride showed poor inhibitory activity. FIESC exhibited sensitivity to tebuconazole, fludioxonil, and pydiflumetofen but was insensitive to difenoconazole, mefentrifluconazole, and phenamacril. Oxathiapiprolin and azoxystrobin mixed at ratios of 1:13.8 and 1:10.5 produced pronounced synergistic effects against P. palmivora, with synergy ratios of 3.57 and 2.91 and co-toxicity coefficients of 357.98 and 291.08. This study compared three application methods (root drenching, trunk painting, and trunk injection) of fungicides and identified root drenching as the most effective strategy. Subsequent pairwise screening of eight combinations, composed of four anti-oomycete fungicides (oxathiapiprolin, mandipropamid, fluopicolide, azoxystrobin) paired with two anti-fungal fungicides (tebuconazole, fludioxonil), was conducted via 0.2 L root drenching. Among them, the tebuconazole-azoxystrobin combination offered the highest control efficacy (98.95%), whereas tebuconazole-mandipropamid exhibited the lowest. Further ratio optimization of the tebuconazole-azoxystrobin mixture, performed using a reduced application volume of 0.1 L per plant, identified a 1:2.36 ratio as the most effective formulation, providing 94.65% control. Overall, this work clarifies the pathogen complex associated with DRR in China, provides preliminary evidence for enhanced disease severity during co-inoculation of P. palmivora and FIESC, and identifies optimized fungicide combinations and application methods under greenhouse conditions. These results provide a foundation for further field validation and for the development of integrated management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14092061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:23:53Z","timestamp":1789496633000},"page":"2061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization and Chemical Management of Phytophthora palmivora and Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti Species Complex Associated with Durian Root Rot in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houya","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijia","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changsheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taorui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongna","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3074-7231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7859-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xili","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.07.020","article-title":"Exploring the potential nutraceutical values of durian (Durio zibethinus L.)\u2014An exotic tropical fruit","volume":"168","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.552029203","article-title":"The nutritional and metabolic indices in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets supplemented with durian at different stages of ripening","volume":"29","author":"Leontowicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3972","article-title":"The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus)","volume":"49","author":"Teh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drenth, A., and Guest, D. (2013). Phytophthora palmivora in tropical tree crops. Phytophthora: A Global Perspective, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781780640938.0187"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2163","article-title":"Nano-particles from Chaetomium brasiliense to control Phytophthora palmivora caused root rot disease in durian var Montong","volume":"14","author":"Tongon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"389","article-title":"Isolation and identification of Phytophthora sp. and Pythium sp. from durian orchard in Chumphon Province, Thailand","volume":"14","author":"Suksiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2024.107086","article-title":"Management of Phytophthora and Phytopythium oomycete diseases in durian (Durio zibethinus)","volume":"190","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nawae, W., Sangsrakru, D., Yoocha, T., Pinsupa, S., Phetchawang, P., Bua-Art, S., Chusri, O., Tangphatsornruang, S., and Pootakham, W. (2024). Differences in transcriptomic responses upon Phytophthora palmivora infection among cultivars reveal potential underlying resistant mechanisms in durian. BMC Plant Biol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-05545-z"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70089","DOI":"10.1111\/jph.70089","article-title":"Phytophthora palmivora as a causal pathogen of stem canker and fruit rot of Durio zibethinus in China","volume":"173","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-09-11-0780-PDN","article-title":"First report of Phytophthora palmivora causing root rot of cassava in China","volume":"96","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrine-Walker, F. (2020). Phytophthora palmivora-cocoa interaction. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6030167"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-09-15-0243-RVW","article-title":"Bud rot caused by Phytophthora palmivora: A destructive emerging disease of oil palm","volume":"106","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deenamo, N., Kuyyogsuy, A., Khompatara, K., Chanwun, T., Ekchaweng, K., and Churngchow, N. (2018). Salicylic acid induces resistance in rubber tree against Phytophthora palmivora. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071883"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2021.0208","article-title":"Towards phytopathogen diagnostics? Coconut bud rot pathogen Phytophthora palmivora mycelial proteome analysis informs genome annotation","volume":"26","author":"Nekrakalaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"OMICS J. Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/jph.13054","article-title":"Phylogenetic analyses and cross-infection studies of Phytophthora species infecting cacao and durian in South-Central Mindanao, Philippines","volume":"170","author":"Solpot","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Rogers, S., and Gumtang, L.V. (2013). Gross margin impact analysis on adoption of Phytophthora control strategies for durian in region XI, Southern Philippines, Smallholder HOPES\u2014Horticulture, People and Soil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01248-w","article-title":"Oomycete plant pathogens: Biology, pathogenesis and emerging control strategies","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.07.035","article-title":"Recent advances and remaining barriers to producing novel formulations of fungicides for safe and sustainable agriculture","volume":"326","author":"Tleuova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a084395","article-title":"Motility and Chemotaxis in Zoospores of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl","volume":"34","author":"Bimpong","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1064","article-title":"The spores of Phytophthora: Weapons of the plant destroyer","volume":"3","author":"Judelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamour, K. (2009). Phytophthora capsici: Sex, selection, and the wealth of variation. Oomycete Genetics and Genomics: Diversity, Interactions, and Research Tools, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470475898"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3104","article-title":"Molecular identification of Fusarium species associated with foliar diseases of durian (Durio zibethinus) in Hainan, China","volume":"110","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pongpisutta, R., Keawmanee, P., Sanguansub, S., Dokchan, P., Bincader, S., Phuntumart, V., and Rattanakreetakul, C. (2023). Comprehensive investigation of die-back disease caused by Fusarium in durian. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12173045"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.13505","article-title":"Fusarium-produced vitamin B6 promotes the evasion of soybean resistance by Phytophthora sojae","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan, Y., Wang, C., Shao, X., Tang, Z., Xia, T., and Chen, Z. (2026). Cross-infection by multiple soil-borne pathogens alters the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of tobacco rhizosphere soil. BMC Microbiol., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05173-7"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-10-22-2341-RE","article-title":"A Survey of Phytophthora spp. in Eastern Indian nurseries and their sensitivity to six oomycete-targeted commercial fungicides","volume":"108","author":"Dhali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.22271\/chemi.2020.v8.i4ak.10114","article-title":"Metalaxyl resistance in Phytophthora infestans: An overview","volume":"8","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Stud."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kongtragoul, P., Ishikawa, K., and Ishii, H. (2021). Metalaxyl resistance of Phytophthora palmivora Causing durian diseases in Thailand. Horticulturae, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae7100375"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suwannarach, N., Khuna, S., Thitla, T., Senwanna, C., Nuangmek, W., Kumla, J., and Lumyong, S. (2024). Morpho-phylogenetic identification and characterization of new causal agents of Fusarium species for postharvest fruit rot disease of muskmelon in northern Thailand and their sensitivity to fungicides. Front. Plant Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1459759"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuangmek, W., Suwannarach, N., Sukyai, S., Khitka, B., and Kumla, J. (2025). Fungal pathogens causing postharvest anthracnose and fruit rot in Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) from northern Thailand and their fungicide response profiles. Front. Plant Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1634557"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-05-19-0152-R","article-title":"Variation in streptomycin resistance mechanisms in Clavibacter michiganensis","volume":"109","author":"Lyu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48264-4","article-title":"Shift of sensitivity in botrytis cinerea to benzimidazole fungicides in strawberry greenhouse ascribing to the rising-lowering of E198A subpopulation and its visual, on-site monitoring by loop-mediated isothermal amplification","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s12600-018-0690-6","article-title":"Multi-resistance to thiophanate-methyl, diethofencarb, and procymidone among Alternaria alternata populations from tobacco plants, and the management of tobacco brown spot with azoxystrobin","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytoparasitica"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s42483-020-00079-2","article-title":"Evaluation of the control effect of SAR inducers against citrus huanglongbing applied by foliar spray, soil drench or trunk injection","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, Q., Lu, H., Yang, M., Wu, Y., and Chen, Q. (2024). The advancement and prospects of the tree trunk injection technique in the prevention and control of diseases and pests. Agriculture, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14010107"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-024-01953-y","article-title":"Viable protoplast isolation, organelle visualization and transformation of the globally distributed plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi","volume":"261","author":"Kharel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-03-23-0477-RE","article-title":"Phytophthora root and crown rot of lavender: New host-pathogen relationships involving six species of Phytophthora and three species of Lavandula","volume":"108","author":"Dlugos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7804-5_3","article-title":"Purification of fungal high molecular weight genomic DNA from environmental samples","volume":"1775","author":"Fauchery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-70-843","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Ceratobasidium cornigerum and related fungi representing five anastomosis groups","volume":"70","author":"Burpee","year":"1980","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-06-16-0810-RE","article-title":"Identification and characterization of Rhizoctonia species associated with soybean seedling disease","volume":"101","author":"Bradley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18052","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67233-0","article-title":"Enhancing tomato plant immune responses to Fusarium wilt disease by red seaweed Jania sp.","volume":"14","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Luo, H., Wang, H., Xiang, Z., Wei, S., and Zheng, W. (2022). Comparative transcriptome analysis of rice cultivars resistant and susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA. BMC Genom., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-022-08816-x"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H., Zhao, Y., Hu, L., Gao, C., Chen, S., and Zhao, D. (2025). Complete genome sequencing of Erwinia phyllosphaerae ZX-13, a novel biocontrol agent to against the stem blight pathogen Pseudocryphonectria elaeocarpicola in Elaeocarpus spp.. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122678"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"387","article-title":"Experimental statistics in entomology","volume":"12","author":"Wadley","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60110a003","article-title":"Synergistic and antagonistic actions of insecticide-synergist combinations and their mode of action","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9760","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c02663","article-title":"In vitro determination of sensitivity of Fusarium fujikuroi to fungicide azoxystrobin and investigation of resistance mechanism","volume":"70","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-02-19-0391-RE","article-title":"Carbendazim resistance of Fusarium graminearum from Henan wheat","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elvira-Recuenco, M., Cacciola, S.O., Sanz-Ros, A.V., Garbelotto, M., Aguayo, J., Solla, A., Mullett, M., Drenkhan, T., Oskay, F., and Aday Kaya, A.G. (2020). Potential interactions between invasive Fusarium circinatum and other pine pathogens in Europe. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11010007"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloi, F., Zamora-Ballesteros, C., Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda, J., Diez, J.J., and Cacciola, S.O. (2021). Co-Infections by Fusarium circinatum and Phytophthora spp. on Pinus radiata: Complex phenotypic and molecular interactions. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10101976"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5423\/PPJ.RW.07.2024.0108","article-title":"Exploring the perilous nature of Phytophthora: Insights into its biology, host range, detection, and integrated management strategies in the fields of spices and plantation crops","volume":"41","author":"Clement","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Pathol. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.47836\/pjtas.45.4.09","article-title":"Host range and control strategies of Phytophthora palmivora in Southeast Asia perennial crops","volume":"45","author":"Misman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmpp.2024.102355","article-title":"Phylogenetic and pathogenic characterization of Phytophthora species associated with decline of horticultural crops in high humid tropic region of Western Ghats, India","volume":"133","author":"Madhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6700","article-title":"Genetic mechanism, baseline sensitivity and risk of resistance to oxathiapiprolin in oomycetes","volume":"78","author":"Mboup","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2024.105949","article-title":"High resistance risk of Phytophthora colocasiae to azoxystrobin in southeastern of China","volume":"202","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-023-01894-1","article-title":"Metabolic pathway of tebuconazole by soil fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC36112","volume":"116","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140158","article-title":"Synergistic antifungal effect and potential mechanism of dimethomorph combined with pyrimethanil against Phytophthora capsici","volume":"457","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, M., Bano, N., Ahmad, T., Sharangi, A.B., Upadhyay, T.K., Alraey, Y., Alabdallah, N.M., Rauf, M.A., and Saeed, M. (2022). Synergistic role of plant extracts and essential oils against multidrug resistance and Gram-negative bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070855"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.37077\/25200860.2023.36.2.25","article-title":"Spraying technology and foliar application result in a smooth layer of the spray: A literature review","volume":"36","author":"Alheidary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Basrah J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2024.03.002","article-title":"The development and evolution of trunk injection mechanisms -a review","volume":"240","author":"Ojo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-02-22-0264-RE","article-title":"Evaluation of fungicide soil drench treatments to manage black root rot disease of avocado","volume":"106","author":"Prabhakaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-025-03570-z","article-title":"The root rot pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi: A long-overlooked threat to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa","volume":"27","author":"Paap","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/9\/2061\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:20:57Z","timestamp":1789705257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/9\/2061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14092061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14092061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}